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Shilajeet (Asphaltum punjabianum)

Shilajeet (Asphaltum punjabianum)

Shilajeet (Asphaltum punjabianum) is a sticky, tar-like substance found primarily in the Himalayan and Tibetan mountain ranges. Over hundreds of years, specific plants slowly break down through the action of microorganisms, leading to its formation. Rich in fulvic acid and minerals, Shilajit is revered in Ayurveda as a potent rejuvenator (Rasayana) that promotes vitality, stamina, cognitive function, and overall health.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae (origin from plant decomposition)
  • Division: Bryophyta / Mixed Organic Matter (Not a plant in itself, but derived from them)
  • Class: Substance derived from organic and mineral sources
  • Order: Not applicable (complex exudate)
  • Family: Not applicable
  • Genus: Asphaltum
  • Species: Asphaltum punjabianum / Asphaltum bitumen

Common Names

  • English: Shilajeet, Mineral Pitch, Asphaltum
  • Sanskrit: Shilajatu, Shiladhatu, Silajatu
  • Hindi: Shilajit
  • Tamil: Ueraram
  • Telugu: Silajatu
  • Bengali: Shilajit
  • Marathi: Shilajit

Shilajeet Uses

  • Rejuvenation & Vitality – Enhances energy levels, physical performance, and strength.
  • Male Reproductive Health – Improves sperm count, testosterone levels, and libido, Used in treating conditions like erectile dysfunction and infertility.
  • Cognitive Function – Supports memory, focus, and mental clarity, Acts as a neuroprotective agent by reducing oxidative stress in brain tissues.
  • Diabetes and Metabolic Health – Enhances insulin sensitivity and helps in blood sugar regulation.
  • Anti-inflammatory & Antioxidant – Reduces chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, Supports joint health and manages arthritis-related pain.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Shilajit is packed with natural compounds, including fulvic acid and vital minerals, making it a potent organic supplement. The primary bioactive constituents include:

    • Fulvic Acid – Powerful antioxidant, carrier molecule for nutrients
    • Humic Acid – Immunomodulatory and detoxifying properties
    • Dibenzo-α-pyrones – Mitochondrial function enhancer
    • Minerals – Iron, Zinc, Copper, Magnesium, Calcium
    • Triterpenes, Sterols, Amino acids, Phenolic lipids
    • Benzoic Acid, Uronic acids

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume IV, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Indian Materia Medica by Dr. K.M. Nadkarni, 3rd edition, Bombay Popular Prakashan.

    Ghosal, S., Lal, J., & Singh, S.K. (1988). “Shilajit: Its origin, processing, and phytochemistry.” Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 36(9), 3863-3865.

    Acharya, S.B., Frotan, M.H., Goel, R.K., & Tripathi, S.K. (1988). “Pharmacological actions of Shilajit.” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 26, 775-777.

    Carrasco-Gallardo, C., Guzmán, L., & Maccioni, R.B. (2012). “Shilajit: A natural phytocomplex with potential procognitive activity.” International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2012, Article ID 674142.

    Pandit, S., Biswas, S., & Jana, U. (2015). “Clinical evaluation of purified Shilajit on testosterone levels in healthy volunteers.” Andrologia, 47(6), 653–660.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Singh, H., & Singh, S. (2019). “Shilajit: A panacea for high-altitude problems.” International Journal of Ayurveda Research, 10(2), 89–94.

Asafoetida / Hing (Ferula asafoetida)

hing

Asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida) is a gum-resin extracted from the taproot of Ferula species, particularly Ferula asafoetida, belonging to the Apiaceae family. Known for its pungent aroma and flavor, it is widely used in Indian cuisine and traditional medicine. Asafoetida holds a significant role in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha systems for treating a variety of ailments, especially digestive disorders, respiratory issues, and nervous system conditions.

Hing Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Clade: Angiosperms
  • Clade: Eudicots
  • Order: Apiales
  • Family: Apiaceae
  • Genus: Ferula
  • Species: Ferula asafoetida

Hing Common Names

  • English: Asafoetida
  • Sanskrit: Hingu
  • Hindi: Hing
  • Tamil: Perungayam
  • Telugu: Inguva
  • Kannada: Ingu
  • Bengali: Hing
  • Marathi: Hing

Hing Uses

  • Digestive System – Used as a carminative and digestive stimulant to relieve flatulence, bloating, indigestion, and colic.
  • Respiratory Health – Acts as an expectorant in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, and whooping cough.
  • Nervine Tonic – Traditionally used for hysteria, anxiety, and nervous disorders due to its calming effect on the nervous system.
  • Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial – Exhibits potent activity against intestinal parasites and bacteria.
  • Reproductive Health – Traditionally utilized in Unani medicine for the treatment of menstrual discomfort, absence of menstruation (amenorrhea), and sexual dysfunction (impotency).

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    The medicinal properties of Asafoetida arise from its diverse phytochemical profile:

    • Volatile Oils: Disulfides (e.g., sec-butyl propenyl disulfide), α-pinene
    • Resins: Ferulic acid, umbelliferone
    • Gums: Galactose, arabinose, rhamnose
    • Coumarins: Umbelliferone, Scopoletin
    • Sesquiterpenes: Farnesiferol A, B, and C
    • Sulfur Compounds: Responsible for its distinctive odor and antimicrobial activity

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Govt. of India, Vol. I, Part I, 1990.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Al-Snafi, A.E. (2014). “The pharmacological importance of Ferula asafoetida – A review.” IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 4(3), 38-48.

    Singh, R. et al. (2013). “Asafoetida: Traditional uses and pharmacological activity.” International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(4), 1-3.

    Moghaddasi, M.S. & Kashani, H.H. (2012). “Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida): Traditional uses and pharmacological activities.” Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals, 3(2), 62–69.

    Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Revised Edition, 2002. Indian Drug Manufacturers’ Association (IDMA), Mumbai and RRL, Jammu.

Cumin / Jeeru (Cuminum cyminum)

Cumin / Jeeru (Cuminum cyminum)

Cumin Jeeru (Cuminum cyminum) is a flowering plant in the Apiaceae family known for its aromatic seeds, widely used as a spice and traditional medicine. Native to the Middle East and India, cumin has been revered in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha systems for its digestive, carminative, and antimicrobial properties. It is especially known to aid in digestion, improve appetite, and relieve bloating.

Cumin Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Apiales
  • Family: Apiaceae
  • Genus: Cuminum
  • Species: Cuminum cyminum

Cumin Common Names

  • English: Cumin
  • Sanskrit: Jiraka / Jirna / Ajeeraka
  • Hindi: Jeera
  • Tamil: Jeeragam
  • Telugu: Jeelakarra
  • Bengali: Jeera
  • Marathi: Jeera
  • Malayalam: Jeerakam
  • Gujarati: Jeeru

Cumin Uses

  • Digestive Support – Acts as a deepana (appetizer) and pachana (digestive) herb, Relieves flatulence, indigestion, and colic pain.
  • Antimicrobial & Anthelmintic – Traditionally used to eliminate intestinal worms and infections.
  • Women’s Health – Used in post-partum care to stimulate lactation and regulate menstruation.
  • Antioxidant & Anti-inflammatory – Contains active phytochemicals with antioxidant effects, reducing oxidative stress.
  • Respiratory Health – Used in cough formulations to clear mucus and ease bronchial conditions.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Cumin contains several bioactive compounds that contribute to its wide range of medicinal benefits:

    • Essential Oils: Cuminaldehyde, γ-Terpinene, β-Pinene, p-Cymene
    • Flavonoids: Apigenin, Luteolin, Kaempferol
    • Phenolic Acids: Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid
    • Tannins, Saponins
    • Alkaloids

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume IV, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Wealth of India – A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products, Vol. III, CSIR, 1952.

    Srinivasan, K. (2018). Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds: Traditional uses, chemical constituents, and nutraceutical effects. Food Quality and Safety, 2(1), 1–16.

    Gilani, A.H., Jabeen, Q., & Khan, M.A.U. (2004). A review of medicinal uses and pharmacological activities of Cuminum cyminum L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92(2-3), 393-403.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    Nadkarni, K.M. (1976). Indian Materia Medica, Volume 1. Bombay Popular Prakashan.

Chavak

Hindi Name : चव्य, चाब, चाभ, चब
Sanskrit Name : चव्यम्, चविका, ऊषणा
English Name : Cavika
Latin Name : Piper retrofractum Vahl

It is a glabrous, fleshy climber, cultivated mainly in Southern Indiacultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The fruit of Piper retrofractum is similar in appearance and taste to that of the Long Pepper (P. longum). This plant is a climbing vine with stems of about 3–4 mm in diameter. Its leaves have blades that are glabrous, lanceolate, with acuminate apex and asymmetric base, and are about 10–12 cm long and 3–3.5 cm wide.

Key Benefits :

  • Helps in Getting Healthier and Ageless Skin
  • Clears up Acne and Fights Free Radicals
  • Improves Digestion and Metabolism
  • It is useful in treating indigestion, abdominal colic, worm infestation, poisoning, anorexia, productive cough, asthma, bronchitis, fever, diarrhea, IBS, hemorrhoids, piles, fistula, chronic respiratory disorders, throat disorders and rheumatic conditions

Vavding (Embelia ribes)

Vavding (Embelia ribes)

Vavding (Embelia ribes) is a climbing shrub known for its small black berries, traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine. It belongs to the Primulaceae family and is native to India and Southeast Asia. The dried fruits are primarily used for their anthelmintic, digestive, and antimicrobial properties and are a key ingredient in classical formulations like Vidanga churna.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Ericales
  • Family: Primulaceae
  • Genus: Embelia
  • Species: Embelia ribes Burm. f.

Common Names

  • English: False Black Pepper
  • Sanskrit: Vidanga
  • Hindi: Vavding
  • Tamil: Vaivilangam
  • Telugu: Vaividangamu
  • Bengali: Babrang
  • Marathi: Vavding
  • Kannada: Vayuvidanga

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Anthelmintic Action – Widely used to expel intestinal worms and parasites, especially in pediatric formulations.
  • Digestive Aid – Enhances digestion and appetite, commonly used in formulations for indigestion, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort.
  • Antimicrobial Properties – Effective against infections caused by bacteria and fungi.
  • Skin and Reproductive Health – Used in managing skin disorders, including acne and ringworm, Beneficial in reproductive health, especially for spermatogenesis and ovulation balance.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    The therapeutic actions of Embelia ribes are attributed to a wide array of bioactive compounds:

    • Alkaloids: Embelin (primary active compound)
    • Phenolic compounds: Embelin, Ribesin
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
    • Fatty acids: Linoleic acid, Oleic acid
    • Sterols: β-Sitosterol
    • Tannins: Polyphenols with antioxidant action

    References

    The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume IV, Govt. of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    Prajapati, N.D., Purohit, S.S., Sharma, A.K., Kumar, T. (2003). A Handbook of Medicinal Plants: A Complete Source Book. Agrobios.

    Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer.

    M. Duwiejko & M. Dondua (2001). “Chemical and pharmacological properties of Embelia ribes.” Fitoterapia, 72(4), 384–385.

    Ghosal, S. (1985). “Active principles of Indian medicinal plants: Part 10—Embeline and related compounds.” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 74(5), 482–486.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

Black Pepper / Mari (Piper nigrum)

Black Pepper / Mari (Piper nigrum)

Black pepper (Piper nigrum), a globally popular spice, is celebrated for its sharp taste and distinctive aroma. It is made from the dried, immature berries of the Piperaceae family plant known as pepper. Beyond its culinary value, black pepper holds a significant place in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and modern herbal medicine for its digestive, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.

Black Pepper Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Magnoliids
  • Order: Piperales
  • Family: Piperaceae
  • Genus: Piper
  • Species: Piper nigrum

Black Pepper Common Name

  • English: Black Pepper
  • Sanskrit: Maricha
  • Hindi: Kali Mirch
  • Tamil: Milagu
  • Telugu: Miriyalu
  • Bengali: Golmorich
  • Marathi: Mire

Black Pepper Uses

  • Digestive Stimulant – Stimulates digestive enzymes, improves appetite, and reduces indigestion, bloating, and flatulence.
  • Respiratory Health – Used in formulations for cough, asthma, and bronchitis; acts as a mucolytic and expectorant.
  • Metabolism Enhancer – Known to enhance bioavailability of other herbs (e.g., curcumin from turmeric) by promoting absorption.
  • Antipyretic and Analgesic – Traditional use in fever management and as a mild pain reliever.
  • Antimicrobial & Antioxidant – Exhibits strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties due to active alkaloids and essential oils.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    The key bioactive compounds in Piper nigrum are responsible for its pharmacological effects:

    • Alkaloids: Piperine, Chavicine
    • Essential Oils: Limonene, Caryophyllene, Pinene
    • Phenolic Compounds: Flavonoids, Tannins
    • Others: Piperidine, Piperettine, Lignans

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India, Vol. I, Part I.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Srinivasan, K. (2007). “Black pepper and its pungent principle—piperine: A review of diverse physiological effects.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 47(8), 735–748.

    Pradeep, K., Kuttan, G., & Kuttan, R. (2002). “Anti-inflammatory activity of extract of Piper nigrum Linn.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79(2), 297–298.

    Johri, R.K., & Zutshi, U. (1992). “An Ayurvedic formulation ‘Trikatu’ and its constituents.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 37(2), 85–91.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP), Revised Edition 2002, Indian Drug Manufacturers Association (IDMA).

Sunth (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Sunth (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Sunth (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) refers to the dried rhizome of ginger, a widely used spice and medicinal herb in Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine. It is well-known for both its warming qualities and strong flavor. Sunth is highly valued for its anti-inflammatory, digestive, antiemetic, and antioxidant activities.

Dry Ginger Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Monocots
  • Order: Zingiberales
  • Family: Zingiberaceae
  • Genus: Zingiber
  • Species: Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Common Names

  • English: Dry Ginger
  • Sanskrit: Sunthi / Nagara
  • Hindi: Sonth / Sounth
  • Tamil: Chukku
  • Telugu: Sonti
  • Bengali: Shunti
  • Marathi: Soonth

Sunth Uses

  • Digestive Health – Acts as a powerful digestive stimulant and carminative, Helps treat indigestion, bloating, flatulence, and loss of appetite.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic – Used for joint pain, rheumatism, and arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Respiratory Benefits – Helpful in cough, cold, bronchitis, and asthma by acting as an expectorant and mucolytic.
  • Antiemetic and Nausea Relief – Traditionally used to prevent nausea and vomiting, especially morning sickness and motion sickness.
  • Metabolic Booster – Used in weight management and metabolic disorders for its thermogenic action.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Sunth contains various bioactive compounds that contribute to its pharmacological effects. The primary constituents include:

    • Gingerols: [6]-Gingerol (main bioactive in fresh ginger)
    • Shogaols: [6]-Shogaol (formed during drying process, more potent)
    • Zingerone
    • Paradols
    • Essential Oils: Zingiberene, β-Bisabolene, α-Farnesene
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
    • Others: Diarylheptanoids, Terpenes

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume IV, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Bhavaprakasha Nighantu by Bhavamishra – Haritakyadi Varga.

    Masuda, Y., et al. (2004). “Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of ginger constituents: Isolation of [6]-shogaol and characterization of its antioxidative activity.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(8), 2522–2527.

    Ali, B. H., Blunden, G., Tanira, M. O., & Nemmar, A. (2008). “Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale): A review of recent research.” Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2), 409–420.

    European Medicines Agency (EMA). “Assessment report on Zingiber officinale Roscoe, rhizoma.” EMA/HMPC/749348/2009

Bhringraj – Eclipta prostrata

Bhringraj - Eclipta prostrata

Eclipta alba (Bhringraj) is a small, creeping herb with white flowers and elongated leaves. It is commonly found in moist and tropical climates. Known as the “King of Hair”, it is traditionally used to promote hair growth, prevent premature graying, and strengthen hair follicles.

Bhringraj Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Magnoliopsida
  • Order: Asterales
  • Family: Asteraceae
  • Genus: Eclipta
  • Species: Eclipta alba

Bhringraj Common Names

  • English: False Daisy
  • Sanskrit: Bhringraj, Kesharaj
  • Hindi: Bhangra, Bhringraj
  • Tamil: Karisilanganni
  • Telugu: Guntagalagara
  • Bengali: Bhringoraj
  • Marathi: Maka

Bhringraj Uses

  • Hair and Scalp Health – Stimulates hair growth and strengthens hair roots, Prevents premature graying and hair loss, Nourishes the scalp and reduces dandruff.
  • Liver Protection – Acts as a hepatoprotective agent, supporting liver detoxification, Aids in the treatment of jaundice and liver disorders.
  • Skin and Wound Healing – Possesses antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, Used for skin infections, wounds, and eczema.
  • Brain and Nervous System Health – Acts as a nootropic that enhances memory and cognitive function, Helps reduce stress and anxiety.
  • Respiratory Health – Beneficial in asthma, bronchitis, and chronic cough, Acts as a natural expectorant.
  • Cardiovascular Health – Helps regulate blood pressure and cholesterol levels, Improves circulation and strengthens heart function.

Phytochemical Constituents

  • Alkaloids: Ecliptine
  • Flavonoids: Luteolin, Apigenin
  • Sterols: β-Sitosterol
  • Coumestans: Wedelolactone, Demethylwedelolactone
  • Tannins: Antioxidants
  • Triterpenes: Ursolic acid

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

Bhavprakash Nighantu, Chapter on Herbal Remedies.

Sharma, R., & Gupta, A. (2019). “Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Applications of Eclipta alba: A Review.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 250, 112485.

European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

Kumar, S., & Yadav, M. (2021). “Bhringraj (Eclipta alba): A Potential Herb for Liver and Hair Health.” International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 8(2), 45-52.

Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Brahmi – Bacopa monnieri

Brahmi - Bacopa monnieri

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) is a well-known herb in traditional medicine, particularly in Ayurvedic systems. Brahmi is highly valued for its ability to sharpen the mind, improve memory retention, and promote a calm, focused state. It’s often used to support mental agility, reduce stress, and enhance overall cognitive function. This herb grows in wet, marshy environments and is native to the Indian subcontinent, but it is now cultivated in many parts of the world.

Brahmi Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Lamiales
  • Family: Plantaginaceae
  • Genus: Bacopa
  • Species: Bacopa monnieri

Brahmi Common Names

  • English: Brahmi
  • Sanskrit: Brahmi
  • Hindi: Brahmi
  • Tamil: Vallarai
  • Telugu: Saraswati
  • Bengali: Brahmi
  • Marathi: Jivanti

Brahmi Uses

  • Cognitive Enhancement – Known as a nootropic, Brahmi is traditionally used to improve memory, learning capacity, and overall cognitive function.
  • Stress and Anxiety Reduction – Acts as an adaptogen, reducing the effects of stress and anxiety by balancing neurotransmitter levels in the brain.
  • Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties – Contains potent antioxidants, which help protect brain cells from oxidative stress, reducing inflammation and promoting brain health.
  • Antiepileptic Properties – Brahmi has been used in treating epilepsy and seizures due to its calming effects on the nervous system.
  • Skin Health – Traditionally, Brahmi is used to treat wounds and skin conditions due to its anti-inflammatory and healing properties.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Brahmi contains several bioactive compounds that contribute to its medicinal effects. Some of the key phytochemicals include:

    • Saponins: Bacopasides A, B, and C
    • Alkaloids: Brahmine, Herpestine
    • Flavonoids: Apigenin, Luteolin
    • Triterpenoids: Bacogenin A and B
    • Phenolic Acids: Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid>

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    Sahu, P.K., et al. (2013). “Pharmacological profile of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.: A review.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 150(3), 1370-1376.

    Aguiar, S., & Borowski, T. (2013). “Bacopa monnieri as a nootropic agent: A systematic review.” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 111, 64-70.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Patocka, J., et al. (2013). “Bioactive compounds of Bacopa monnieri and their effects on human health.” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 35(3), 1074-1082.

Baheda – Terminalia bellirica

Baheda - Terminalia bellirica

Baheda (Terminalia bellirica), also known as Bibhitaki, is a large deciduous tree native to Southeast Asia and widely used in Ayurvedic medicine. It is among the three key fruits that make up the famous Triphala blend. Baheda is traditionally valued for its rejuvenating, detoxifying, and antimicrobial properties, and is used in the treatment of respiratory, digestive, and eye disorders.

Baheda Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Myrtales
  • Family: Combretaceae
  • Genus: Terminalia
  • Species: Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Terminalia bellirica Common Name

  • English: Beleric Myrobalan, Baheda
  • Sanskrit: Bibhitaki, Karshaphala
  • Hindi: Baheda
  • Tamil: Thandrikai
  • Telugu: Tani
  • Bengali: Bohera
  • Marathi: Behada

Terminalia bellirica Uses

  • Digestive Health – Acts as a mild laxative, helps relieve constipation and improves digestion.
  • Respiratory Relief – Beneficial in managing cough, asthma, and bronchitis due to its expectorant and anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Eye and Vision Support – Traditionally used as a rasayana (rejuvenative) to improve vision and eye strength.
  • Antimicrobial and Detoxifying – Exhibits antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties, Known for liver detox and enhancing skin health.
  • Hair and Scalp Benefits – Powder used to support hair growth, prevent dandruff, and darken hair naturally.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Baheda contains multiple bioactive compounds contributing to its wide-ranging therapeutic effects:

    • Tannins: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Chebulagic acid
    • Lignans: Termilignan, Thannilignan
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin
    • Phenolic Compounds: Beta-sitosterol, Anolignan-B
    • Others: Saponins, Glycosides, and various fatty oils

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Part I, Vol. I, Govt. of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Sharma, P. V. (2000). Dravyaguna Vijnana, Vol. II, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi.

    Chopra, R. N., Nayar, S. L., & Chopra, I. C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, CSIR, New Delhi.

    Kiritikar, K.R., & Basu, B.D. (2005). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. III, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.

    Singh, D. P., & Gupta, R. S. (2011). “Pharmacological potential of Terminalia bellirica: A review.” International Journal of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 2(11), 1236-1245.

    Gupta, A., & Kumar, R. (2020). “A comprehensive review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Terminalia bellirica.” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 13(5), 11-16.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 4. World Health Organization, Geneva.

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