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Nirgundi – Vitex negundo

nirgundi

Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) is a fast-growing, aromatic shrub or small tree, reaching a height of up to 5 meters. It has compound leaves with five leaflets, purplish-blue flowers, and small blackish fruits. Traditionally, the plant is used for pain relief, respiratory disorders, and wound healing in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Lamiales
  • Family: Lamiaceae
  • Genus: Vitex
  • Species: Vitex negundo

Common Names

  • English: Chinese Chaste Tree, Five-Leaved Chaste Tree
  • Sanskrit: Nirgundi
  • Hindi: Nirgundi
  • Tamil: Notchi
  • Telugu: Vavili
  • Bengali: Nishinda
  • Marathi: Nirgundi

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Pain and Inflammation Relief – Used in arthritis, joint pain, and muscle stiffness due to its strong anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Respiratory Health – Helps in asthma, bronchitis, and sinus congestion by reducing inflammation and clearing mucus.
  • Skin Disorders – Used for treating wounds, boils, and ulcers with its antimicrobial and healing properties.
  • Gynecological Benefits – Traditionally used for menstrual irregularities and uterine disorders.
  • Antimicrobial & Antifungal – Possesses antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, making it effective against infections.

Phytochemical Constituents

    Nirgundi contains several bioactive compounds responsible for its medicinal properties. The key phytochemicals include:

    • Flavonoids: Luteolin, Casticin
    • Terpenoids: Negundoside, Viridiflorol
    • Alkaloids: Vitricine
    • Glycosides: Iridoid glycosides
    • Essential Oils: Camphene, Sabinene, Caryophyllene

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Bhavprakash Nighantu, Chapter on Herbal Remedies.

    Sharma, P., & Chauhan, N.S. (2017). “Medicinal Properties of Vitex negundo: A Review.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 210, 1-10.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Mishra, A., Kumar, S., Bhatt, G., & Srivastava, S. (2017). “Pongamia pinnata: Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Applications.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 204, 1-15.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Karanj – Pongamia pinnata

karanj

Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) is a medium-sized deciduous tree that grows up to 15–25 meters in height. It has compound pinnate leaves, fragrant purple flowers, and flat brown pods containing oil-rich seeds. Traditionally, Karanj has been used in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Fabales
  • Family: Fabaceae
  • Genus: Pongamia
  • Species: Pongamia pinnata

Common Names

  • English: Indian Beech, Karanja Tree
  • Sanskrit: Karanja
  • Hindi: Karanj
  • Tamil: Pungai
  • Telugu: Kanuga
  • Bengali: Karanja
  • Marathi: Karanj

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Skin Disorders – Karanja oil is traditionally used for eczema, psoriasis, and fungal infections.
  • Wound Healing – The oil and bark extracts help in wound healing and reducing inflammation.
  • Digestive Health – Used in Ayurvedic formulations for treating constipation and abdominal bloating.
  • Prevents Hair Fall – Strengthens hair roots and reduces hair fall caused by scalp infections.
  • Joint and Muscle Pain Relief – Karanja oil is applied topically to alleviate arthritis and muscle pain.
  • Antimicrobial & Antifungal – The bioactive compounds in Karanj possess antimicrobial and antifungal properties.

Phytochemical Constituents

    Karanj contains a variety of bioactive compounds that contribute to its medicinal properties. Some key phytochemicals include:

    • Flavonoids: Pongamol, Pinnatin
    • Fixed Oils: Karanjin, Pongapin
    • Steroids: β-Sitosterol, Stigmasterol
    • Tannins: Catechins
    • Glycosides: Pongamoside

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Bhavprakash Nighantu, Chapter on Herbal Remedies.

    Sahoo, N., & Manchikanti, P. (2013). “Herbal Medicine: Current Status and the Future.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3(2), 134-142.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Mishra, A., Kumar, S., Bhatt, G., & Srivastava, S. (2017). “Pongamia pinnata: Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Applications.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 204, 1-15.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Jethimadh – Glycyrrhiza glabra

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a herbaceous perennial plant that grows up to 1.5 meters in height. It has compound leaves, purple to bluish flowers, and sweet-flavored roots due to its glycyrrhizin content. The root is the main medicinal part used in Ayurveda, Unani, and traditional herbal medicine systems.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Fabales
  • Family: Fabaceae
  • Genus: Glycyrrhiza
  • Species: Glycyrrhiza glabra

Common Names

  • English: Licorice, Sweet Wood
  • Sanskrit: Yastimadhu
  • Hindi: Mulethi
  • Tamil: Athimadhuram
  • Telugu: Yashtimadhuka
  • Bengali: Jethimadh
  • Marathi: Jyeshthamadha

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Respiratory Health – Used as an expectorant to relieve cough, sore throat, and bronchial congestion.
  • Digestive Health – Acts as a soothing agent for the stomach lining and helps in gastric ulcer treatment.
  • Anti-Inflammatory & Antioxidant Benefits – Contains flavonoids and saponins, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.
  • Liver Protection – Traditionally used as a hepatoprotective to support liver health and detoxification.
  • Skin Health – Used for treating eczema, psoriasis, and hyperpigmentation due to its antimicrobial properties.

Phytochemical Constituents

    Mulethi contains several bioactive compounds that contribute to its medicinal properties. Some key phytochemicals include:

  • Triterpenoid Saponins: Glycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhetinic Acid
  • Flavonoids: Liquiritin, Glabridin, Quercetin
  • Coumarins: Herniarin, Umbelliferone
  • Sterols: Beta-sitosterol, Stigmasterol
  • Polysaccharides: Arabinogalactans, Glucans

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

Sharangdhar Samhita, Chapter on Herbal Remedies.

Fiore, C., Eisenhut, M., Ragazzi, E., Zanchin, G., & Armanini, D. (2005). “A history of the therapeutic use of liquorice in Europe.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 99(3), 317-324.

European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

Asl, M.N., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2008). “Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its bioactive compounds.” Phytotherapy Research, 22(6), 709-724.

Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Nilgiri – Eucalyptus globulus

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) is a fast-growing evergreen tree native to Australia and widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It has smooth, peeling bark, bluish-green leaves, and produces aromatic essential oil used in traditional medicine and aromatherapy.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Myrtales
  • Family: Myrtaceae
  • Genus: Eucalyptus
  • Species: Eucalyptus globulus

Common Names

  • English: Eucalyptus, Blue Gum Tree
  • Sanskrit: Tailapatra
  • Hindi: Nilgiri
  • Tamil: Thaila Maram
  • Telugu: Nallagiriya Chettu
  • Bengali: Nilgiri Gachh
  • Marathi: Nilgiri

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Respiratory Health – Used to relieve congestion, cough, and asthma symptoms through inhalation therapy.
  • Antimicrobial and Antiseptic Properties – Its essential oil has strong antibacterial and antifungal activity, used for wound healing and infections.
  • Pain Relief and Anti-Inflammatory Benefits – Applied topically to reduce muscle pain, joint inflammation, and headaches

Phytochemical Constituents

    Eucalyptus contains several bioactive compounds responsible for its medicinal properties. Some major phytochemicals include:

  • Essential Oils: Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole), α-Pinene, Limonene
  • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
  • Tannins: Ellagitannins, Gallotannins
  • Terpenoids: Globulol, Aromadendrene
  • Phenolic Compounds: Caffeic acid, Gallic acid

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

Sharangdhar Samhita, Chapter on Digestive Disorders.

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

Sharangdhar Samhita, Chapter on Herbal Remedies.

Bachir, R.G., & Benali, M. (2012). “Antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil.” Microbial Pathogenesis, 52(2), 35-40.

European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

Santos, F.A., & Rao, V.S. (2000). “Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 89(2-3), 277-283.

Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

METHI (Fenugreek) – Trigonella Foenum-Graecum

Fenugreek

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is an annual plant that grows up to 60 cm tall. It produces small, yellowish-white flowers and oblong, brown seeds that have a distinct bitter taste and strong aroma. The leaves, seeds, and sprouts of fenugreek are used in both culinary and medicinal applications.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Fabales
  • Family: Fabaceae
  • Genus: Trigonella
  • Species: Trigonella foenum-graecum

Common Names

  • English: Fenugreek
  • Sanskrit: Methika
  • Hindi: Methi
  • Tamil: Vendhayam
  • Telugu: Mentulu
  • Bengali: Methi
  • Marathi: Methi

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Blood Sugar Control – Contains galactomannan and 4-hydroxyisoleucine, which help regulate blood glucose levels.
  • Digestive Health – Acts as a natural fiber source, aiding digestion and relieving constipation.
  • Lactation Support – Traditionally used as a galactagogue to enhance breast milk production in nursing mothers.
  • Anti-Inflammatory & Antioxidant Benefits – Rich in flavonoids and alkaloids, providing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
  • Cholesterol Management – Helps lower bad cholesterol (LDL) while maintaining heart health.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    • Alkaloids: Trigonelline, Choline
    • Saponins: Diosgenin, Yamogenin
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Luteolin
    • Steroidal Compounds: Fenugreekine, Coumarin
    • Proteins & Fibers: Galactomannan

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Sharangdhar Samhita, Chapter on Herbal Remedies.

    Basch, E., Ulbricht, C., Kuo, G., Szapary, P., & Smith, M. (2003). “Therapeutic applications of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): A review.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85(1), 1-9.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Acharya, S.N., Thomas, J.E., & Basu, S.K. (2008). “Fenugreek: An old medicinal herb with diverse applications.” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 52(1), 37-52.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    Karela – Momordica charantia

    karela

    Karela (Momordica charantia) is a tropical and subtropical vine that bears warty, elongated green fruits. It is cultivated across Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. The fruit, leaves, and seeds of bitter melon are commonly used in traditional medicine and culinary applications.

    Scientific Classification

    • Kingdom: Plantae
    • Phylum: Angiosperms
    • Class: Eudicots
    • Order: Cucurbitales
    • Family: Cucurbitaceae
    • Genus: Momordica
    • Order: Cucurbitales
    • Species: Momordica charantia

    Common Names

    • English: Bitter Melon, Bitter Gourd
    • Sanskrit: Karavellaka
    • Hindi: Karela
    • Tamil: Pavakkai
    • Telugu: Kakarakaya
    • Bengali: Korola
    • Marathi: Karle

    Traditional and Medicinal Uses

    • Anti-Diabetic Properties – Contains charantin and polypeptide-p, which help in lowering blood sugar levels.
    • Digestive Health – Acts as a natural laxative, aiding in digestion and preventing constipation.
    • Liver Health – Supports liver detoxification and protects against fatty liver disease
    • Immune System Booster – Rich in antioxidants and vitamin C, enhancing immunity and fighting infections.

    Phytochemical Constituents

    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
    • Alkaloids: Momordicine I & II
    • Triterpenoids: Charantin, Cucurbitacin
    • Steroidal Saponins: Momordicosides
    • Proteins & Peptides: Polypeptide-P (plant insulin)

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Sharangdhar Samhita, Chapter on Herbal Remedies.

    Grover, J.K., Yadav, S.P. (2004). “Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: A review.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93(1), 123-132.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Joseph, B., Jini, D. (2013). “A medicinal potency of Momordica charantia: A review.” International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases, 3(2), 78-83.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    Fennel – Foeniculum vulgare

    fennel

    Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a highly aromatic and flavorful herb used in culinary and medicinal applications. It belongs to the Apiaceae family and is widely cultivated across various regions for its seeds, leaves, and essential oil. Traditionally, fennel has been used to treat digestive issues, respiratory disorders, and menstrual irregularities.

    Scientific Classification

    • Kingdom: Plantae
    • Phylum: Angiosperms
    • Class: Eudicots
    • Order: Apiales
    • Family: Apiaceae
    • Genus: Foeniculum
    • Species: Foeniculum vulgare

    Common Names

    • English: Fennel
    • Sanskrit: Shatapushpa
    • Hindi: Saunf
    • Tamil: Perunjeeragam
    • Telugu: Sopu
    • Bengali: Mouri
    • Marathi: Badishep

    Traditional and Medicinal Uses

    • Digestive Health – Acts as a natural carminative, relieving bloating, indigestion, and gas.
    • Respiratory Benefits – Works as an expectorant, helping clear mucus and ease cough and bronchitis.
    • Menstrual and Reproductive Health- Functions as an emmenagogue, aiding in menstrual regulation and reducing cramps.
    • Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties – Rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, providing anti-inflammatory effects.
    • Lactation Enhancer – Traditionally used to promote breast milk production in nursing mothers.

    Phytochemical Constituents

    • Essential Oils: Anethole, Estragole, Fenchone
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
    • Phenolic Compounds: Rosmarinic acid, Caffeic acid
    • Alkaloids: Umbelliferone, Bergapten

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Sharangdhar Samhita, Chapter on Digestive Disorders.

    Kamatou, G.P.P., Vermaak, I., & Viljoen, A.M. (2013). “An updated review of Foeniculum vulgare essential oils: Phytochemistry and biological activities.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 146(3), 508-513.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Rahimi, R., & Ardekani, M.R. (2013). “Medicinal properties of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): A systematic review.” Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 27(6), 897-916.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    chitrak – Plumbago zeylanica

    chitrak

    Plumbago zeylanica (Chitrak) is a powerful medicinal herb widely used in Ayurveda for its digestive, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. It helps in treating piles, indigestion, respiratory issues, joint pain, liver disorders, and skin diseases. Chitrak also supports child digestive health, hair growth, and weight management due to its metabolism-boosting properties.

    Scientific Classification

    • Kingdom: Plantae
    • Phylum: Angiosperms
    • Class: Eudicots
    • Order: Caryophyllales
    • Family: Plumbaginaceae
    • Genus: Plumbago
    • Species: Plumbago zeylanica L.

    Common Names

    • Assamese : Agiyachit, Agnachit
    • Bengali : Chita
    • English : Lead war
    • Gujrati : Chitrakmula
    • Hindi : Chira, Chitra
    • Kannada : Chitramula, Vahni, Bilichitramoola
    • Kashmiri : Chitra, Shatranja
    • Malayalam : Vellakeduveli, Thumpokkoduveli
    • Marathi : Chitraka
    • Oriya : Chitamula, Chitoparu
    • Punjabi : Chitra
    • Tamil : Chitramoolam, Kodiveli
    • Telugu : Chitramulam
    • Urdu : Sheetraj Hindi, Cheetah

    Traditional and Medicinal Uses

    • Digestive Disorders: Used as a digestive stimulant, it helps in conditions like indigestion, loss of appetite, and constipation.
    • Piles Care: Traditionally used for managing hemorrhoids and anal fissures by reducing inflammation and improving digestion.
    • Child Digestive Health: Helps in relieving colic pain, bloating, and mild constipation in children when used in controlled doses.
    • Weight Management: Used in Ayurveda to enhance metabolism, improve digestion, and assist in fat metabolism.
    • Skin Conditions: Applied externally for treating eczema, psoriasis, and other dermatological disorders.
    • Respiratory Ailments: Traditionally used for managing asthma, bronchitis, and chronic cough.
    • Fever Management: Acts as an antipyretic and helps reduce fever.
    • Rheumatism & Arthritis: Reduces joint pain and inflammation.
    • Liver Disorders: Known for hepatoprotective properties and helps in liver detoxification.

    Phytochemical Constituents

    • Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) – a potent naphthoquinone with strong pharmacological activities.
    • Flavonoids – Contributing to antioxidant properties
    • Alkaloids – Providing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory benefits.
    • Triterpenoids – Known for their hepatoprotective and immune-boosting properties.
    • Glycosides, Steroids, and Tannins – Supporting various biological activities.

    References

    Mishra, S., & Aeri, V. (2016). “Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies on Plumbago zeylanica L.: An important medicinal plant.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7(2), 517-524.

    Patel, R., & Patel, N. (2018). “Plumbagin: A review on its sources, pharmacological significance, and toxicity profile.” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(3), 5-12.

    Goyal, M., & Kadnur, S. (2006). “Hepatoprotective activity of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. root extract against CCl4-induced liver damage in rats.” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 44(4), 305-311.

    Chakraborty, S., & Roy, M. (2015). “Anticancer potential of plumbagin: A natural compound with therapeutic promise.” Journal of Natural Remedies, 15(1), 34-45.

    Kumar, S., & Sharma, A. (2020). “Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Plumbago zeylanica root extracts.” Journal of Herbal Medicine, 10(2), 58-67.

    Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. (1989). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Part I, Vol. I, p. 39). New Delhi: Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH).

    Elaichi / Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)

    elaichi

    Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is a perennial herb valued for its fragrant seeds, commonly used in culinary spices and traditional healing practices. Cardamom, a spice from the Zingiberaceae family, is originally found in Indonesia and the Indian subcontinent. It is valued for its digestive, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties and is often used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine to manage respiratory issues, digestive disorders, and oral health.

    Cardamom Scientific Names

    • Kingdom: Plantae
    • Phylum: Angiosperms
    • Class: Monocots
    • Order: Zingiberales
    • Family: Zingiberaceae
    • Genus: Elettaria
    • Species: Elettaria cardamomum

    Cardamom Common Names

    • English: Cardamom
    • Sanskrit: Ela, Truti
    • Hindi: Elaichi
    • Tamil: Elakkai
    • Telugu: Elakulu
    • Kannada: Elakki
    • Malayalam: Elathari
    • Bengali: Elach
    • Marathi: Velchi

    Cardamom Uses

    • Digestive Health – Acts as a carminative and digestive aid. Helps in relieving flatulence, indigestion, and nausea.
    • Respiratory Health – Used as an expectorant in cough, asthma, bronchitis, and cold.
    • Oral and Dental Health – Freshens breath and is used in treating bad breath and oral infections due to its antimicrobial properties.
    • Anti-inflammatory & Antioxidant – Contains potent antioxidants that combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation.
    • Urinary Health – Used to manage burning micturition and urinary tract infections in Ayurvedic practice.
    • Aphrodisiac – Traditionally known to enhance libido and reproductive health.

      • Phytochemical Constituents

      Cardamom is rich in volatile oils and phenolic compounds which contribute to its therapeutic actions:

      • Essential Oils: 1,8-Cineole, α-Terpinyl acetate, Linalool, Limonene
      • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
      • Phenolic acids: Gallic acid, Protocatechuic acid
      • Sterols & Terpenoids: β-Sitosterol, Pinene
      • Alkaloids: Choline
      • Other Compounds: Tannins, Saponins

      References

      Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Part I, Volume II. Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

      Weiss, R. F. (2001). Herbal Medicine. Thieme Medical Publishers.

      Bhowmik, D., et al. (2012). “Medicinal uses of cardamom and its health benefits.” Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(3), 1240-1244.

      Verma, R. S., et al. (2009). “Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) essential oil.” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(6), 386–389.

      European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

      Chopra, R. N., Nayar, S. L., & Chopra, I. C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.

      Sharangdhar Samhita, Chapter on Digestive and Respiratory Disorders.

    Clove / Laving (Syzygium aromaticum)

    laving

    Clove / Laving (Syzygium aromaticum) is a dried flower bud of a tree belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Native to the Maluku Islands of Indonesia, it is widely cultivated and used around the world, particularly in culinary, pharmaceutical, and traditional medicine systems. Clove is renowned for its antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it a valuable herb in Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha systems of medicine.

    Clove Scientific Names

    • Kingdom: Plantae
    • Phylum: Angiosperms
    • Class: Eudicots
    • Order: Myrtales
    • Family: Myrtaceae
    • Genus: Syzygium
    • Species: Syzygium aromaticum

    Clove Common Names

    • English: Clove
    • Sanskrit: Lavanga
    • Hindi: Laung
    • Tamil: Kirambu
    • Telugu: Lavangam
    • Malayalam: Grambu
    • Kannada: Lavanga
    • Marathi: Lavang
    • Bengali: Labanga

    Clove Uses

    • Dental and Oral Health – Used for toothaches and gum infections due to its analgesic and antiseptic properties.
    • Digestive Health – Helps relieve indigestion, bloating, and flatulence. Acts as a carminative.
    • Respiratory Disorders – Used in managing cough, asthma, and bronchitis as an expectorant.
    • Anti-inflammatory and Pain Relief – Topical application provides relief from muscle pain, joint inflammation, and arthritis.
    • Immune Support and Antioxidant Action – Rich in antioxidants like eugenol, which supports the immune system and reduces oxidative stress.
    • Antimicrobial Action – Exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

      • Phytochemical Constituents

      Clove is rich in essential oils and bioactive compounds, including:

      • Essential Oils:

        • Eugenol (main constituent, up to 80–90%)
        Caryophyllene
        Acetyl eugenol

      • Phenolic Compounds:

        • Gallic acid
        Tannins

      • Flavonoids:

        • Quercetin
        Kaempferol

      • Others:

        • Saponins
        Steroids
        Terpenoids

      References

      Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol. IV, Govt. of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

      Indian Materia Medica by K.M. Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.

      Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

      European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

      Chaieb, K. et al. (2007). “Antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil against a wide range of clinical bacteria.” International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 30(3), 304–308.

      Cortés-Rojas, D.F., de Souza, C.R.F., & Oliveira, W.P. (2014). “Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): A precious spice.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(2), 90–96.

      Singh, G., et al. (2005). “Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) from India.” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20, 55–58.

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