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EKHARO / Kokilaksha (Asteracantha longifolia)

EKHARO / Kokilaksha (Asteracantha longifolia)

Known by its formal name, Asteracantha longifolia (syn. Hygrophila auriculata), ekharo / Kokilaksha is a swampy, spiky plant that is frequently found in tropical Asia, including India. Traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine, it is valued for its aphrodisiac, hepatoprotective, and diuretic properties. The seeds, roots, and whole plant are used in various formulations for urinary, reproductive, and liver health.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Clade: Angiosperms
  • Clade: Eudicots
  • Clade: Asterids
  • Order: Lamiales
  • Family: Acanthaceae
  • Genus: Asteracantha
  • Species: Asteracantha longifolia
  • Synonyms: Hygrophila auriculata, Hygrophila spinosa

Common Names

  • English: Marsh Barbel
  • Sanskrit: Kokilaksha, Ikshura
  • Hindi: Talimakhana
  • Gujarati: Ekharo
  • Tamil: Neermulli
  • Telugu: Neeragogu
  • Malayalam: Vayalchulli
  • Marathi: Talimakhana
  • Bengali: Kulekhara

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Reproductive Health (Aphrodisiac) – Traditionally used to increase sexual vitality and male fertility. Seeds are used to improve sperm count and motility. It is also classified as a vajikarana herb in Ayurveda.
  • Liver Protection – The root and seeds are used in decoctions to manage jaundice and liver enlargement. Known for hepatoprotective effects.
  • Urinary Tract Health – Used as a diuretic in Ayurvedic formulations. Helps manage dysuria, urinary retention, and kidney disorders.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic – Because of its anti-inflammatory qualities, it is used to treat rheumatic disorders, gout, joint discomfort, and swelling.
  • Diabetes Management – Seed extracts have shown hypoglycemic effects and may help regulate blood sugar levels.
  • Blood Purifier – Traditionally used as a blood tonic in general debility and to support hematopoietic functions.

Phytochemical Constituents

  • Sterols & Triterpenoids: Lupeol, Stigmasterol
  • Alkaloids: Uncharacterized nitrogenous bases with aphrodisiac activity
  • Flavonoids: Apigenin, Quercetin derivatives
  • Phenolic Compounds: Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid
  • Saponins and Mucilage: Contribute to anti-inflammatory and soothing effects
  • Other Compounds: Butelin, Essential oils, Fatty acids

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. (1999). Part-I, Volume II. Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH, New Delhi.

Sharma, P.V. (2003). Dravyaguna Vijnana (Vol. 2). Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi.

Nadkarni, K.M. (2002). Indian Materia Medica. Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.

Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Chauhan, N.S., & Dixit, V.K. (2010). “A review on Asteracantha longifolia: A potent medicinal plant.” Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 20(5), 812–817.

Nagendra Singh Chauhan et al. (2009). “Pharmacological evaluation of Kokilaksha.” International Journal of Ayurveda Research, 1(2), 91–99.

Sharma, R.K., & Dash, B. (2013). Charaka Samhita, Vol. 2. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi.

European Pharmacopoeia. (10th Edition). Council of Europe.

Rahman, M. et al. (2020). “Phytopharmacological overview of Hygrophila auriculata.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 247, 112261.

The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. (2002). Volume IV: F–Ka. CSIR, New Delhi.

Daruharidra (Berberis aristata)

Daruharidra (Berberis aristata)

Daruharidra (Berberis aristata) is a small to medium-sized shrub commonly found in the Himalayan region and parts of India. It is recognized for its medicinal properties and is widely used in traditional systems of medicine, particularly in Ayurveda. The plant is known for its yellowish bark, which is rich in berberine, a compound with significant therapeutic effects.

Daruharidra Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Ranunculales
  • Family: Berberidaceae
  • Genus: Berberis
  • Species: Berberis aristata

Daruharidra Common Names

  • English: Indian Barberry, Tree Turmeric
  • Sanskrit: Daruharidra, Daru, Haridra
  • Hindi: Daruharidra, Chitra, Chitrak
  • Tamil: Vaivarasa, Daruharidra
  • Telugu: Daruharidra
  • Bengali: Daruharidra
  • Marathi: Daruharidra

Daruharidra Uses

  • Liver Health –

    • Hepatoprotective: Daruhaldar is renowned for its liver-protective properties. It aids in detoxifying the liver, improving liver function, and treating conditions like jaundice and liver infections.
  • Anti-inflammatory – The plant exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat conditions such as arthritis and various inflammatory diseases.
  • Skin Disorders – Antibacterial and Antifungal: Daruhaldar’s bark is used in treating skin diseases, including eczema, psoriasis, and ringworm infections. It helps in reducing skin irritation and inflammation.
  • Digestive Health – Daruhaldar is used to treat digestive disorders, including indigestion and constipation. It is also beneficial in treating gastric ulcers and improving appetite.
  • Antimicrobial Properties – The plant is known for its antimicrobial properties, making it effective against various bacterial and fungal infections.
  • Blood Purification – Used traditionally as a blood purifier, it helps in improving skin tone and managing conditions related to blood toxicity.

Phytochemical Constituents

Daruhaldar contains a variety of active compounds, including:

  • Alkaloids: Berberine, Palmatine, Columbamine
  • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
  • Phenolic Compounds: Tannins, Anthraquinones
  • Other Compounds: Berberastine, Oxyacanthine

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Government of India.

Sharangdhar Samhita, Chapter on Hepatoprotective Herbs.

Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Verma, S., & Gupta, R. (2012). “Berberis aristata: A comprehensive review of its medicinal properties.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(11), 4245-4250.

Kamatou, G.P.P., & Viljoen, A.M. (2015). “Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Berberis aristata.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 163, 7-15.

Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.

Draksha / Grapes (Vitis vinifera)

DRAKSHA

Draksha (Vitis vinifera), commonly known as grapes, is a widely cultivated fruit that belongs to the Vitaceae family. Known for its sweet taste and rich nutritional profile, it has been used for centuries both as a food and in traditional medicine. Grapes are often consumed fresh or dried into raisins and are highly regarded for their health benefits, including antioxidant properties and support for heart health.

Grapes Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Vitales
  • Family: Vitaceae
  • Genus: Vitis
  • Species: Vitis vinifera

Vitis vinifera Common Name

  • English: Grapes
  • Sanskrit: Draksha
  • Hindi: Angoor
  • Tamil: Draksha
  • Telugu: Draksha
  • Bengali: Angur
  • Marathi: Angoor

Grapes Uses

  • Digestive Health – Draksha is known for its laxative properties, helping to relieve constipation and improve bowel movements.
  • Antioxidant Benefits – Rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, and anthocyanins, it is a potent antioxidant that helps in protecting the body from free radical damage.
  • Heart Health – Traditionally, Draksha is used to improve heart health by reducing blood pressure and preventing the buildup of cholesterol in the arteries.
  • Immune System Support – Acts as an immunomodulator, enhancing the body’s natural defense mechanisms against infections.
  • Blood Purification and Detoxification – Draksha is considered effective in purifying blood and detoxifying the body, often used in detox regimes.
  • Skin and Hair Health – It is often used to enhance skin health, reduce pigmentation, and promote hair growth, owing to its antioxidant content.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Draksha contains a range of bioactive compounds that contribute to its medicinal benefits. Some key phytochemicals include:

    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
    • Polyphenols: Resveratrol, Catechins
    • Anthocyanins: Cyanidin-3-glucoside, Malvidin
    • Vitamins: Vitamin C, Vitamin K, Vitamin B6
    • Minerals: Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium
    • Amino Acids: Glutamine, Arginine

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Sharma, P., & Singh, R. (2016). “Medicinal Properties of Grapes (Vitis vinifera): A Review.” Journal of Phytopharmacology, 5(2), 92-97.

    Kalpana, B., & Rajasekaran, S. (2015). “Health Benefits of Grapes: A Review.” Food Science and Biotechnology, 24(2), 415-423.

    Kambizi, L., & Afolayan, A.J. (2007). “The Nutritional and Medicinal Value of Grapes.” Medicinal Plants of Southern Africa.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)

Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)

The wood of the camphor tree, which is a member of the Lauraceae family, yields the extremely aromatic chemical known as camphor (Cinnamomum camphora). It is extensively utilized in cosmetic, culinary, and medical applications. In addition to its antibacterial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory qualities, camphor has a cooling effect. Traditionally, camphor has been used in various cultures for its therapeutic benefits, especially in treating respiratory issues, skin ailments, and for its use in religious ceremonies.

Camphor Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Laurales
  • Family: Lauraceae
  • Genus: Cinnamomum
  • Species: Cinnamomum camphora

cinnamomum camphora common name

  • English: Camphor
  • Sanskrit: Karpoora
  • Hindi: Kapoor
  • Tamil: Karpooram
  • Telugu: Karpooram
  • Bengali: Kapur
  • Malayalam: Karpooram

Camphor Uses

  • Respiratory Health – Camphor is used in inhalation to treat coughs, bronchitis, and asthma. It acts as an expectorant, helping to clear mucus from the airways.
  • Pain Relief – Applied topically, camphor has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, making it useful for treating muscle pain, arthritis, and inflammatory conditions.
  • Skin Care – Known for its antibacterial and antifungal properties, camphor is used in the treatment of skin infections, eczema, and acne. It also aids in cooling and soothing the skin, especially for conditions like burns and rashes.
  • Mental Clarity and Relaxation – Camphor is also used to induce a calming effect and improve mental clarity. It is often burned as incense in religious practices and for meditation.
  • Insect Repellent – Camphor’s strong aroma helps in repelling insects like mosquitoes, which is why it’s often used in mothballs and insect repellents.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Camphor contains several active compounds responsible for its medicinal properties. Some of the key phytochemicals include:

    • Essential Oils: Camphor, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), Linalool
    • Terpenes: Alpha-pinene, Beta-pinene, Camphene
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
    • Phenolic Compounds: Cinnamic acid, Chlorogenic acid

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Kirtikar, K.R., & Basu, B.D. (1999). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. 2, International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India.

    Mahomoodally, M.F., & Ramsay, C. (2013). “Traditional uses and pharmacological properties of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 149(2), 203-219.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 9th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Binu, P., & Nair, R. (2015). “Phytochemical analysis and medicinal uses of camphor.” International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, 5(3), 490-495.

    World Health Organization (WHO) Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants.

Chakramarda (Asteracantha longifolia)

Chakramarda (Asteracantha longifolia)

Chakramarda (Asteracantha longifolia), commonly known as Water Spider, is a perennial herb native to South and Southeast Asia. It is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine due to its therapeutic properties, particularly for its ability to support urinary health, enhance male reproductive function, and treat various inflammatory conditions. The ability of Chakramad to balance the three doshas—Pitta, Kapha, and Vata—makes it extremely valuable.

Water Spider Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Lamiales
  • Family: Acanthaceae
  • Genus: Asteracantha
  • Species: Asteracantha longifolia

Common Names

  • English: Water Spider
  • Sanskrit: Chakramarda
  • Hindi: Bhui Amla
  • Tamil: Kuppaimeni
  • Telugu: Tangedu
  • Bengali: Dharmani
  • Marathi: Chakramad

Chakramarda Uses

  • Urinary Health – Commonly used as a diuretic, promoting the expulsion of excess urine and treating conditions like urinary retention and dysuria.
  • Male Reproductive Health – Supports spermatogenesis, improving male fertility by enhancing sperm count and motility.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Pain Relief – The plant has anti-inflammatory properties, making it useful for treating conditions like arthritis and muscular pain.
  • Antioxidant Properties – It exhibits significant antioxidant activity, which helps in combating oxidative stress and inflammation in the body.
  • Skin Care – Applied externally, it is effective in treating skin infections, wounds, and ulcers.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Chakramad contains a variety of bioactive compounds contributing to its medicinal properties. Some key phytochemicals include:

    • Alkaloids: Asteracanthaine
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
    • Phenolic Compounds: Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid
    • Saponins: Asteracanthosides
    • Triterpenoids: Beta-sitosterol

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Joshi, S.G. (2000). Medicinal Plants. Oxford & IBH Publishing.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    Verma, R., & Dubey, N.K. (2009). “Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2(6), 1043-1048.

    Tiwari, M., & Pattanayak, S.K. (2012). “A review on the medicinal uses of Asteracantha longifolia.” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(33), 4770-4774.

    Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Vol. I, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India.

Babul Chhal (Acacia arabica or Vachellia nilotica)

Babul Chhal (Acacia arabica or Vachellia nilotica)

Babul Chhal (Acacia arabica or Vachellia nilotica) is a medicinal plant widely recognized in traditional systems of medicine for its astringent, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The bark of Babul has been used in Ayurveda, Unani, and folk medicine for oral health, wound healing, diarrhea, and skin diseases. It belongs to the Fabaceae family and is native to India, Africa, and the Middle East.

Acacia Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Fabales
  • Family: Fabaceae
  • Genus: Vachellia
  • Species: Vachellia nilotica (syn. Acacia arabica)

Acacia Common Name

  • English: Gum Arabic Tree, Egyptian Thorn, Acacia
  • Sanskrit: Babool, Kikar, Babbula
  • Hindi: Babul, Kikar
  • Tamil: Karuvelamaram
  • Telugu: Nallatumma
  • Bengali: Babla
  • Marathi: Babhul

Acacia Uses

  • Oral and Dental Health – Used in dantadhavan (tooth cleansing) for treating bleeding gums, bad breath, and strengthening teeth.
  • Diarrhea and Dysentery – The bark decoction is administered to manage chronic diarrhea and dysentery due to its astringent and antimicrobial effects.
  • Wound Healing – Bark paste is applied to cuts and wounds to promote healing and prevent infection.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic – Used in joint swelling and arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory compounds.
  • Skin Disorders – Effective in eczema, acne, and skin eruptions as it cleanses and soothes the skin.
  • Reproductive Health – Used traditionally as a vaginal astringent and uterine tonic.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Babul Chhal contains various bioactive phytochemicals responsible for its therapeutic effects:

    • Tannins (15–20%): Catechin, epicatechin – provide astringent properties
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, kaempferol – anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
    • Saponins: Hemolytic and antimicrobial activity
    • Phenolic Compounds: Gallic acid, ellagic acid
    • Gum: Polysaccharides from bark – demulcent and emollient
    • Alkaloids: Antimicrobial potential

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol. II, Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    Kirtikar, K.R., & Basu, B.D. (2006). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. II, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.

    Singh, B., & Bhat, T.K. (2003). “Potential therapeutic applications of some antinutritional plant secondary metabolites.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(19), 5579–5597.

    Ali, H., Qureshi, R.A., & Jabeen, N. (2010). “Ethnobotanical survey of some important plants of Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan.” Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(1), 1167–1175.

    The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products, Vol. I (A), CSIR, New Delhi.

    European Medicines Agency (EMA). (2020). Assessment report on Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile, cortex. EMA/HMPC/247142/2020.

BORSALI (Mimusops elengi)

BORSALI (Mimusops elengi)

Borsali (Mimusops elengi), commonly known as Spanish Cherry or Bakul, is a medium-sized evergreen tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It belongs to the Sapotaceae family. The tree is prized for its fragrant flowers and medicinal bark.

bakul tree scientific name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Ericales
  • Family: Sapotaceae
  • Genus: Mimusops
  • Species: Mimusops elengi

Mimusops elengi common name

  • English: Spanish Cherry, Bulletwood Tree
  • Sanskrit: Bakula
  • Hindi: Maulsari / Borsali
  • Tamil: Magizhamboo
  • Telugu: Pogada
  • Malayalam: Elanji
  • Bengali: Bokul
  • Marathi: Bakul

Mimusops elengi Uses

  • Oral and Dental Health – Bark and flower powder used as astringent and tooth powder to treat gum bleeding, pyorrhea, and bad breath.
  • Anti-Diarrheal and Astringent – Bark decoction is effective in treating diarrhea, dysentery, and other GI issues.
  • Wound Healing and Inflammation – Bark paste used externally to aid wound healing and reduce local inflammation.
  • Reproductive Health – Traditionally used to tone the uterus and manage excessive menstruation (menorrhagia).
  • Respiratory Health – Acts as a mild expectorant and used in traditional formulations to ease cough and throat irritation.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Mimusops elengi contains various active phytochemicals responsible for its medicinal value:

    • Tannins – Astringent properties
    • Triterpenoids – Lupeol, Betulinic acid (anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial)
    • Flavonoids – Quercetin, Rutin (antioxidant)
    • Saponins – Detergent and healing properties
    • Alkaloids – Various with analgesic and antimicrobial activities
    • Steroids – Sitosterol (anti-inflammatory)

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Govt. of India, Ministry of AYUSH. Part I, Vol. II, p. 119–121.

    Kirtikar, K.R., & Basu, B.D. (1935). Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume II. Allahabad: Lalit Mohan Basu, pp. 1585–1587.

    Nadkarni, K.M. (1976). Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I. Popular Prakashan, Bombay.

    The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products – Raw Materials, Vol. VI, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.

    Rao, K. S., & Sreeramulu, S. H. (2007). “Antibacterial activity of Mimusops elengi bark extract against dental pathogens.” Indian Journal of Dental Research, 18(4), 148–151.

    Patil, V.M., et al. (2010). “Phytochemical and pharmacological review on Mimusops elengi.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 1(12), 65–72.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

AKKALKARO (Anacyclus pyrethrum)

AKKALKARO (Anacyclus pyrethrum)

Akkalkaro (Anacyclus pyrethrum DC.), also known as pellitory root, is a perennial herb traditionally used in Ayurveda and Unani medicine for its stimulating, aphrodisiac, and nerve-tonic properties. The root is particularly known for its pungent taste and its characteristic tingling and salivation-inducing effects when chewed. It belongs to the Asteraceae family and is mainly found in North Africa and parts of India.

Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Asterales
  • Family: Asteraceae
  • Genus: Anacyclus
  • Species: Anacyclus pyrethrum DC.

Common Names

  • English: Pellitory root, Spanish chamomile
  • Sanskrit: Akarkara
  • Hindi: Akkalkaro
  • Gujarati: Akalkaro
  • Tamil: Akkirakaram
  • Malayalam: Akkarakaram
  • Marathi: Akkalkaro
  • Urdu: Aqarqarha

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Nervous System Tonic – Used as a nervine stimulant to improve speech defects, facial paralysis, epilepsy, and general nervous debility.
  • Aphrodisiac and Reproductive Health – Considered a potent aphrodisiac in Ayurveda, Enhances libido, improves sperm quality, and is used in erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic – Used in rheumatism, arthritis, and joint pain for its anti-inflammatory properties.
  • Digestive Stimulant – Acts as a carminative, improving appetite and reducing abdominal discomfort.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    The medicinal properties of Anacyclus pyrethrum are attributed to its diverse phytoconstituents:

    • Alkylamides (notably pellitorine) – responsible for its tingling effect and neuro-stimulant activity.
    • Sesquiterpene lactones – anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity.
    • Inulin – prebiotic fiber, digestive stimulant.
    • Triterpenoids – contributes to adaptogenic and antioxidant properties.
    • Essential Oils – includes compounds like pyrethrin, anacyclin, and angelicin.

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Part I, Vol. 2, Govt. of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Kapoor, L.D. (1990). CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press.

    Pandey, G.N. (2004). Dravyaguna Vigyan, Vol. 2. Chaukhamba Publications.

    Singh, R., et al. (2011). “Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Anacyclus pyrethrum (Linn.)” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2(7), 1631-1636.

    Mehrotra, N.N. & Rastogi, R.P. (2003). Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume 5. CSIR, India.

    Azwanida, N.N. (2015). “A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation.” Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 4(3), 196.

    European Medicines Agency (EMA). (2020). “Assessment report on Anacyclus pyrethrum root for traditional use.”

    Nadkarni, K.M. (1976). Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I. Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.

Bilwa / Bengal quince (Aegle marmelos L.)

Bilwa / Bengal quince (Aegle marmelos L.)

Bilwa / Bengal quince (Aegle marmelos L.), also known as Bael, is a sacred and medicinal tree revered in Ayurveda and Hindu tradition. It belongs to the Rutaceae family and is native to India and Southeast Asia. All parts of the tree—fruit, leaves, bark, root, and flowers—are used for their therapeutic properties, especially in treating gastrointestinal disorders, diabetes, inflammation, and respiratory conditions.

Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Sapindales
  • Family: Rutaceae
  • Genus: Aegle
  • Species: Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa

Common Names

  • English: Bael, Bengal quince, Golden apple
  • Sanskrit: Bilwa, Shriphal, Shailush
  • Hindi: Bael
  • Tamil: Vilvam
  • Telugu: Maredu
  • Bengali: Bel
  • Marathi: Bel

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Gastrointestinal Disorders – Bilwa fruit pulp’s astringent and digestive qualities make it useful for treating indigestion, diarrhea, and dysentery.
  • Antidiabetic Action – Leaves and extracts are traditionally used to manage blood sugar levels.
  • Respiratory Health – Roots and leaves are used in formulations for bronchitis and asthma due to their expectorant nature.
  • Antimicrobial & Antiparasitic – Exhibits activity against bacteria, viruses, and intestinal parasites.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant – In numerous investigations, it has shown potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant qualities.
  • Wound Healing and Skin Conditions – Bilwa leaf paste is applied to wounds, ulcers, and skin infections.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Bilwa is rich in a variety of bioactive compounds that contribute to its pharmacological effects.

    • Alkaloids: Aegeline, Aegelenine
    • Coumarins: Marmelosin, Imperatorin
    • Tannins: Present in unripe fruit – responsible for anti-diarrheal effects
    • Flavonoids: Rutin, Kaempferol, Quercetin
    • Essential Oils: Eugenol, Citral, Limonene
    • Pectin and Mucilage: From ripe fruit pulp

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol. I, Govt. of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Sharma, P.V. (1999). Dravyaguna Vijnana (Vol. II). Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

    Jindal, A., & Garg, A. (2017). “Therapeutic benefits of Aegle marmelos (Bael) – A review.” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(5), 424-429.

    Balasubramani, S.P. et al. (2015). “Pharmacological activities of Aegle marmelos – A review.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 5(1), S62-S68.

    Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). (1956). The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products – Raw Materials, Vol. 1: A.

    Kirtikar, K.R. & Basu, B.D. (1935). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. I, Lalit Mohan Basu Publishers, Allahabad.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe (For plant-based herbal monographs).

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

VIDANG (Embelia ribes)

VIDANG (Embelia ribes)

Vidang (Embelia ribes Burm. f.) is a renowned medicinal plant extensively used in Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine. It is primarily valued for its anthelmintic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, especially for expelling intestinal worms. The dried fruits of Vidang are the main part used therapeutically. The plant belongs to the Primulaceae family and is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of India and Southeast Asia.

Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Ericales
  • Family: Primulaceae
  • Genus: Embelia
  • Species: Embelia ribes

Common Names

  • English: False Black Pepper, Embelia
  • Sanskrit: Vidanga, Krimighna, Tandula
  • Hindi: Baibidang, Vidang
  • Tamil: Vaivilangam
  • Telugu: Vaivilingi
  • Bengali: Babrang
  • Marathi: Vavading

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Anthelmintic Use – Widely used to expel intestinal worms in children and adults.
  • Digestive Health – Stimulates appetite, improves digestion, and relieves bloating and flatulence.
  • Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory – Helps reduce oxidative stress and inflammation due to its phenolic content.
  • Skin and Hair Benefits – Used for treating skin infections and promoting hair growth, Its paste is applied topically in conditions like eczema and ringworm.
  • Reproductive Health – Traditionally used in managing infertility and promoting uterine health.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Vidang contains a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals contributing to its medicinal effects:

    • Tannins
    • Alkaloids
    • Phenolic compounds
    • Quinones
    • Embelin – A major active constituent with strong anthelmintic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
    • Ribesin A and B
    • Betulinic acid

    References

    The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol. 2. Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Sharangdhar Samhita, Madhyam Khand, Krimighna chapter.

    Nadkarni, K.M. (1976). Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I. Popular Prakashan.

    Rani, N., Sharma, S., & Tiwari, V. (2011). “Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies of Embelia ribes Burm. f.: A review.” International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 3(3), 48–52.

    Vats, M., & Sharma, A. (2014). “Biochemical and antimicrobial potential of Embelia ribes.” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 7(3), 70–74.

    European Medicines Agency (EMA). (2010). Community Herbal Monograph on Embelia ribes.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.

    Warrier, P.K., Nambiar, V.P.K., & Ramankutty, C. (1994). Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species. Orient Longman.

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