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Tamal Patra / Tejpatta (Cinnamomum tamala)

Tamal Patra / Tejpatta (Cinnamomum tamala)

Tamal Patra / Tejpatta (Cinnamomum tamala) is a medicinal aromatic leaf commonly used in Indian cuisine and traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Unani. The leaf is known for its spicy aroma, carminative, and antimicrobial properties. Apart from culinary use, it is valued for its ability to manage digestive disorders, respiratory conditions, and diabetes.

Tejpatta Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Magnoliids
  • Order: Laurales
  • Family: Lauraceae
  • Genus: Cinnamomum
  • Species: Cinnamomum tamala

Cinnamomum tamala Common Names

  • English: Indian Bay Leaf, Malabar Leaf
  • Sanskrit: Tamalapatra, Tejpatra
  • Hindi: Tejpatta
  • Tamil: Karuva Ela
  • Telugu: Bagara Aku
  • Bengali: Tejpata
  • Marathi: Tamalpatra
  • Kannada: Bhale Yele

Tejpatta Uses

  • Digestive Health – Used as a carminative and stimulant, it helps in relieving flatulence, bloating, and indigestion.
  • Antidiabetic Activity – Leaf extracts are traditionally used to manage blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity.
  • Respiratory Support – Beneficial in cough, asthma, and bronchitis due to its expectorant and antimicrobial properties.
  • Cardiovascular Benefits – Contains compounds that reduce LDL cholesterol and support heart health.
  • Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Uses – Paste or decoction applied on wounds, infections, and skin ailments for faster healing.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Cinnamomum tamala is rich in phytoconstituents responsible for its biological effects:

    • Essential Oils: Cinnamaldehyde, Linalool, Caryophyllene, Eugenol
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
    • Phenolic Acids: Gallic acid, Caffeic acid
    • Tannins: Condensed and hydrolyzable types
    • Terpenoids: α-Pinene, Camphene
    • Glycosides and Alkaloids: Small amounts present in bark and leaves

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Vol. I, Part I, Govt. of India.

    Bhatt, A., et al. (2018). “Pharmacognostic and phytochemical profile of Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Eberm: A review.” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(4), 1962-1967.

    Kaur, N., & Chaudhury, A. (2013). “Cinnamomum tamala: A valuable tree from Himalaya.” International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 5(4), 234-237.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Sharma, P.C., Yelne, M.B., & Dennis, T.J. (2005). Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda, Vol. 2, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Ahmad, M., et al. (2011). “A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Cinnamomum tamala.” Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 1(2), 1-5.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. (2002). Indian Drug Manufacturers’ Association (IDMA) and RRL, Jammu.

Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina)

Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina)

Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina), commonly known as Indian snakeroot, is a perennial, evergreen shrub native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It is renowned for its antihypertensive, sedative, and tranquilizing effects and has been extensively used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine. The root contains powerful alkaloids, notably reserpine, which plays a significant role in managing high blood pressure and mental disorders.

Sarpagandha Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Gentianales
  • Family: Apocynaceae
  • Genus: Rauvolfia
  • Species: Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz

Sarpagandha Common Names

  • English: Indian snakeroot, Serpentine root
  • Sanskrit: Sarpagandha
  • Hindi: Sarpagandha
  • Tamil: Sarpagandhi
  • Telugu: Patalagaruda
  • Bengali: Chhota Chand
  • Marathi: Sarpagandha
  • Malayalam: Amalpori

Sarpagandha Uses

  • Management of Hypertension – Acts as a natural antihypertensive due to the presence of reserpine, which reduces blood pressure by depleting catecholamines.
  • Mental Health Disorders – Used as a tranquilizer and sedative in conditions like anxiety, insomnia, schizophrenia, and hysteria.
  • Menstrual Disorders – Employed in the management of amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea due to its uterine stimulant action.
  • Gastrointestinal Relief – Traditionally used to relieve colic, indigestion, and constipation.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Sarpagandha contains a wide range of indole alkaloids which are responsible for its pharmacological actions:

    • Alkaloids: Reserpine, Ajmaline, Ajmalicine, Serpentine, Yohimbine
    • Triterpenoids: Lupeol, β-Sitosterol
    • Phenolic Compounds: Rauvolfianine, Serpentinine
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin
    • Others: Saponins, Tannins

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Part I, Vol. I. Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Sharma, P.V. (1995). Dravyaguna Vijnana (Materia Medica – Vegetable Drugs). Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

    World Health Organization (WHO). (1999). Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1. WHO, Geneva.

    Singh, R.H. (2007). Ayurvedic Drug Plants. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan.

    Kapoor, L.D. (2001). Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press.

    Bhattacharjee, S.K. (2001). Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur.

    Chopra, R.N., Chopra, I.C., & Handa, K.L. (1958). Indigenous Drugs of India. Academic Publishers.

    Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). (2003). The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products, Vol. 9. National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources.

Saffron / Kesar (Crocus sativus L.)

Saffron / Kesar (Crocus sativus L.)

Saffron / Kesar (Crocus sativus L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant known for producing the most expensive spice in the world—derived from the dried stigmas of its flowers. Belonging to the Iridaceae family, saffron has been cultivated for centuries, particularly in regions such as Iran, India (Kashmir), Greece, and Spain. Renowned in traditional medicine systems including Ayurveda, Unani, and Traditional Persian Medicine, saffron is celebrated for its applications in treating depression, inflammation, asthma, skin diseases, and as an aphrodisiac.

Saffron Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Monocots
  • Order: Asparagales
  • Family: Iridaceae
  • Genus: Crocus
  • Species: Crocus sativus L.

Saffron Common Names

  • English: Saffron
  • Sanskrit: Kumkuma
  • Hindi: Kesar
  • Tamil: Kungumapoo
  • Telugu: Kumkuma puvvu
  • Bengali: Jafran
  • Marathi: Keshar
  • Arabic: Zafaran
  • Persian: Zaferan

Saffron Uses

  • Nervous System and Mental Health – Acts as a natural antidepressant, anxiolytic, and memory enhancer, Used to treat mild to moderate depression and improve mood.
  • Reproductive and Sexual Health – Traditionally used to enhance libido, treat erectile dysfunction, and menstrual disorders.
  • Skin and Beauty – Used in Ayurvedic formulations for improving skin complexion and treating acne and blemishes.
  • Respiratory Disorders – Helpful in managing asthma and bronchitis due to its anti-inflammatory and expectorant properties.
  • Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity – Contains powerful antioxidants that help neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation.
  • Ocular Health – Traditionally believed to improve vision and manage retinal degeneration.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Harde contains several bioactive compounds:

    • Tannins (Chebulagic acid, Chebulinic acid) – Astringent and antioxidant
    • Gallic acid – Antimicrobial and hepatoprotective
    • Ellagic acid – Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
    • Flavonoids and Saponins – Rejuvenative and adaptogenic properties
    • Anthraquinones – Mild laxative effects

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume IV, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Sharma, P. V. (2003). Dravyaguna Vigyan, Vol. 2. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

    Kirtikar, K. R., & Basu, B. D. (2008). Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume III. International Book Distributors.

    Singh, R., et al. (2011). “Antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula Retz. extract against dental caries microorganisms.” Journal of Dental Research and Review, 3(2), 90–93.

    Saleem, A., et al. (2002). “Antioxidant potential of Terminalia chebula fruit extracts in comparison with ascorbic acid.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79(3), 327–329.

    Nadkarni, K. M. (2009). Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I. Bombay Popular Prakashan.

Neem – Azadirachta indica

neem

Neem is a fast-growing, evergreen tree native to the Indian subcontinent. Revered in Ayurveda as “Sarva Roga Nivarini” (the healer of all ailments), its leaves, bark, seeds, and oil are used for a wide range of health benefits, especially in skin and blood disorders.

Neem Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Sapindales
  • Family: Meliaceae
  • Genus: Azadirachta
  • Species: A. indica

Neem Common Names

  • English: Neem Tree, Indian Lilac
  • Hindi: Neem
  • Sanskrit: Nimba
  • Gujarati: Limbdo
  • Marathi: Kadunimb
  • Tamil: Vembu
  • Telugu: Vepa

Neem Uses

  • Skin Disorders – Used in treating eczema, acne, psoriasis, and fungal infections due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Blood Purification – Traditionally consumed as a blood purifier, aiding detoxification and improving skin health.
  • Antiparasitic and Antifungal – Acts against intestinal worms, head lice, and skin fungus.
  • Oral and Dental Health – Neem twigs used as natural toothbrushes (datun); effective in maintaining oral hygiene and preventing gum disease.
  • Immune Modulation and Fever Relief – Known for boosting immunity and managing fever and inflammatory conditions.
  • Blood Sugar Control – Neem supports healthy blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and regulating glucose metabolism.
  • Piles Relief – Neem’s anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties help reduce swelling, pain, and discomfort associated with piles.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Harde contains several bioactive compounds:

    • Tannins (Chebulagic acid, Chebulinic acid) – Astringent and antioxidant
    • Gallic acid – Antimicrobial and hepatoprotective
    • Ellagic acid – Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
    • Flavonoids and Saponins – Rejuvenative and adaptogenic properties
    • Anthraquinones – Mild laxative effects

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume IV, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Sharma, P. V. (2003). Dravyaguna Vigyan, Vol. 2. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

    Kirtikar, K. R., & Basu, B. D. (2008). Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume III. International Book Distributors.

    Singh, R., et al. (2011). “Antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula Retz. extract against dental caries microorganisms.” Journal of Dental Research and Review, 3(2), 90–93.

    Saleem, A., et al. (2002). “Antioxidant potential of Terminalia chebula fruit extracts in comparison with ascorbic acid.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79(3), 327–329.

    Nadkarni, K. M. (2009). Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I. Bombay Popular Prakashan.

Harde – Terminalia chebula

Harde - Terminalia chebula

Harde – Terminalia chebula, also known as Haritaki, is a deciduous tree widely used in Ayurveda. Its fruits are valued for their strong purgative, rejuvenative, and anti-inflammatory properties. Referred to as the “King of Medicines” in Ayurveda, Harde supports gut health and overall longevity.

Terminalia chebula Scientific names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Myrtales
  • Family: Combretaceae
  • Genus: Terminalia
  • Species: T. chebula

Terminalia chebula common names

  • English: Chebulic Myrobalan
  • Hindi: Harad / Harade
  • Sanskrit: Haritaki
  • Gujarati: Harde
  • Marathi: Hirda
  • Tamil: Kadukkai
  • Telugu: Karakkaya

Terminalia chebula uses

  • Digestive Health – Acts as a natural laxative and digestive aid; supports gut cleansing and relieves constipation.
  • Detoxification and Rejuvenation – A core ingredient in Triphala, used to detoxify the body and promote cellular rejuvenation.
  • Respiratory Health – Traditionally used to manage cough, asthma, and bronchitis.
  • Wound Healing and Skin Care – Applied externally to support wound healing and treat skin conditions.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Harde contains several bioactive compounds:

    • Tannins (Chebulagic acid, Chebulinic acid) – Astringent and antioxidant
    • Gallic acid – Antimicrobial and hepatoprotective
    • Ellagic acid – Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
    • Flavonoids and Saponins – Rejuvenative and adaptogenic properties
    • Anthraquinones – Mild laxative effects

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume IV, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Sharma, P. V. (2003). Dravyaguna Vigyan, Vol. 2. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

    Kirtikar, K. R., & Basu, B. D. (2008). Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume III. International Book Distributors.

    Singh, R., et al. (2011). “Antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula Retz. extract against dental caries microorganisms.” Journal of Dental Research and Review, 3(2), 90–93.

    Saleem, A., et al. (2002). “Antioxidant potential of Terminalia chebula fruit extracts in comparison with ascorbic acid.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79(3), 327–329.

    Nadkarni, K. M. (2009). Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I. Bombay Popular Prakashan.

jamun beej – Syzygium cumini

jamun beej - Syzygium cumini

Jamun Beej refers to the dried seeds of the Jamun fruit (also known as Indian Blackberry). The seeds are traditionally dried, powdered, and used for their antidiabetic, astringent, and digestive benefits. Jamun trees are evergreen, medium to large-sized, with dark purple edible fruits rich in antioxidants.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Myrtales
  • Family: Myrtaceae
  • Genus: Syzygium
  • Species: S. cumini

Common Names

  • English: Black Plum Seed, Java Plum Seed
  • Hindi: Jamun Beej
  • Sanskrit: Jambu
  • Gujarati: Jamfal Beej
  • Marathi: Jambhul Beej
  • Tamil: Naaval Pazham Vidhai
  • Telugu: Neredu Ginjaloo

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Blood Sugar Regulation – Traditionally used in Ayurveda as an effective remedy for managing diabetes and regulating blood glucose.
  • Digestive Health – Acts as an astringent and digestive stimulant, used in indigestion, diarrhea, and dysentery.
  • Oral Health – Powdered seeds are used to maintain oral hygiene and treat bleeding gums.
  • Urinary Disorders – Used for reducing excessive urination and balancing urinary issues linked to high sugar levels.
  • Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory – Rich in polyphenols that protect cells and reduce internal inflammation.

Phytochemical Constituents

Jamun seeds are a powerhouse of phytoconstituents:

  • Jamboline and Jambosine – Alkaloids known for hypoglycemic action
  • Ellagic acid – Antioxidant and anticancer potential
  • Gallic acid and Flavonoids – Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties
  • Tannins and Saponins – Astringent and antidiarrheal action
  • Terpenoids and Anthocyanins – Protect against oxidative stress

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume IV, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

Sharma, P. V. (2003). Dravyaguna Vigyan, Vol. 2. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

Kirtikar, K. R., & Basu, B. D. (2008). Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume III. International Book Distributors.

Jain, R., et al. (2011). “Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini seed powder in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 4(3), 35–39.

Baliga, M. S., et al. (2011). “Scientific validation of the ethnomedicinal properties of the Jamun (Syzygium cumini) fruit and its seed: A review.” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 16(16), 1–6.

Nadkarni, K. M. (2009). Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I. Bombay Popular Prakashan.

Erandmool – Ricinus Communis

Erandmool - Ricinus Communis

Erandmool, or the root of the castor plant, is a well-known medicinal herb in Ayurveda. The plant is a fast-growing, perennial shrub or small tree that can grow up to 10 meters. Its roots are highly valued for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, purgative, and detoxifying properties.

Euphorbiaceae Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Magnoliophyta
  • Class: Magnoliopsida
  • Order: Malpighiales
  • Family: Euphorbiaceae
  • Genus: Ricinus
  • Species: R. communis

Euphorbiaceae Common Names

  • English: Castor root
  • Hindi: Erand, Arand
  • Sanskrit: Eranda
  • Gujarati: Divel, Andar
  • Marathi: Arand
  • Tamil: Amanakku
  • Telugu: Amudamu

Euphorbiaceae Uses

  • Digestive Health – Used as a mild laxative and to treat constipation and abdominal bloating.
  • Anti-inflammatory Effects – The root decoction is traditionally used to relieve joint pain, backache, and arthritis.
  • Respiratory Relief – Used in formulations for asthma and cough relief due to its soothing properties.
  • Menstrual Disorders – Acts as an emmenagogue and is used to alleviate dysmenorrhea and regulate menstrual flow.
  • Nervous System Support – Known in Ayurveda for its vata-pacifying qualities, helpful in neurological disorders.

Phytochemical Constituents

Key bioactive compounds present in Erandmool include:

  • Ricinine – an alkaloid with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity
  • Ricinoleic acid – known for its laxative and anti-inflammatory actions
  • Flavonoids – antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents
  • Terpenoids – contribute to analgesic and antimicrobial effects
  • Tannins and Saponins – help in gastrointestinal and wound healing benefits

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume IV, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

Sharma, P. V. (2003). Dravyaguna Vigyan, Vol. 2. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

Kirtikar, K. R., & Basu, B. D. (2008). Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume III. International Book Distributors.

Patel, P. R., et al. (2012). “Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies on root of Ricinus communis Linn.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 14(1), 29–33.

Bhagwat, D. A., et al. (2008). “Phytochemical evaluation and antimicrobial activity of Ricinus communis roots.” Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 1(2), 34–39.

Nadkarni, K. M. (2009). Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I. Bombay Popular Prakashan.

Devdar – Cedrus deodara

devdar

Devdar, also called the Himalayan Cedar, is a tall evergreen coniferous tree native to the Western Himalayas. It is considered sacred in India and is known for its aromatic wood, which yields essential oil used in traditional medicine. It holds antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-arthritic properties.

Devdar Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Gymnosperms
  • Class: Pinopsida
  • Order: Pinales
  • Family:Pinaceae
  • Genus: Cedrus
  • Species:C. deodara

Devdar Common Names

  • English: Himalayan Cedar
  • Hindi: Devdar, Devdaru
  • Sanskrit: Devadaru
  • Gujarati: Devdaaru
  • Marathi: Devdar
  • Punjabi: Diyar
  • Tibetan: Shing-kun

Devdar uses

  • Respiratory Health – Used in Ayurvedic formulations for cough, asthma, and bronchitis due to its expectorant and soothing properties.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Pain Relief – Acts as a natural analgesic and is traditionally used for joint pain, arthritis, and swelling.
  • Skin Disorders – Its oil is applied externally to treat eczema, wounds, and fungal infections.
  • Nervous System Support – Used to calm the nervous system, relieve stress and anxiety.
  • Antimicrobial Action – Known for its antibacterial and antifungal activity in traditional practices.
  • Hormonal Balance – Supports reproductive health, useful in conditions like PCOS and irregular menstruation.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Key bioactive compounds found in Devdar include:

    • Cedrol – a sesquiterpene alcohol with calming and antimicrobial effects
    • α-Cedrene and β-Cedrene – antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds
    • Thujopsene – contributes to antimicrobial and antifungal actions
    • Himachalol – possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity
    • Deodardione and Himachalene – support analgesic and anti-arthritic actions

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume IV, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Sharma, P. V. (1996). Dravyaguna Vigyan, Vol. 2. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

    Kirtikar, K. R., & Basu, B. D. (2008). Indian Medicinal Plants, Volume III. International Book Distributors.

    Raina, V. K., et al. (2008). “Essential oil composition of Cedrus deodara wood and its antimicrobial activity.” Journal of Essential Oil Research, 20(4), 312–314.

    Kaul, V. K., et al. (2003). “Chemical composition of the essential oil of Cedrus deodara wood.” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18(4), 336–338.

    Pandey, G., et al. (2014). “Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Cedrus deodara: A review.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(8), 3083–3090.

    Ajwain – Trachyspermum ammi

    ajwain

    Ajwain, also known as carom seeds, is a small, oval, ridged seed-like fruit with a pungent aroma and bitter taste. Native to India and the Middle East, it is a popular ingredient in Ayurvedic formulations and Indian cuisine, known for its carminative, antiflatulent, and antimicrobial properties.

    Ajwain Scientific Names

    • Kingdom: Plantae
    • Phylum: Angiosperms
    • Class: Eudicots
    • Order: Apiales
    • Family: Apiaceae
    • Genus: Trachyspermum
    • Species: T. ammi

    Ajwain Common Names

    • English: Carom Seeds, Bishop’s Weed
    • Hindi: Ajwain
    • Sanskrit: Yavani
    • Gujarati: Ajmo
    • Tamil: Omam
    • Malayalam: Ayamodakam
    • Telugu: Vamu

    Ajwain uses

    • Digestive Health – Widely used to treat indigestion, flatulence, and bloating, Stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes and supports gut health.
    • Antimicrobial and Antifungal – Acts as a natural antibacterial and antifungal agent, especially against gut pathogens.
    • Respiratory Support – Used traditionally to relieve cough, asthma, and bronchitis, Ajwain steam inhalation helps in clearing nasal passages.
    • Pain Relief – Applied externally for arthritic pain, muscular aches, and toothache relief.
    • Menstrual Discomfort – Helps in relieving menstrual cramps and supports uterine health.

    Phytochemical Constituents

    Ajwain seeds are rich in bioactive compounds including:

    • Thymol – the major active constituent with strong antimicrobial, antifungal, and anesthetic properties
    • Terpenes – such as p-cymene, γ-terpinene, and α-pinene
    • Flavonoids – with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity
    • Tannins – astringent and antimicrobial agents
    • Saponins and Alkaloids – general metabolic activity

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume IV, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Sharma, P. V. (1996). Dravyaguna Vigyan, Vol. 2. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

    Kapoor, L. D. (2001). Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press.

    Dhakad, A. K., et al. (2015). “Biological, medicinal and toxicological significance of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague: A review.” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 4(2), 286–293.

    Singh, G., et al. (2004). “Chemical constituents and antimicrobial and antioxidative effects of Ajwain essential oil.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(11), 3292–3296.

    Pandey, A., & Singh, P. (2017). “Antibacterial activity of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) essential oil against multidrug resistant bacteria isolated from clinical samples.” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(5), 1102–1107.

    Aloe vera – Aloe barbadensis miller

    aloe vera

    Aloe vera is a succulent plant with thick, fleshy green leaves that contain a clear mucilaginous gel. It thrives in dry climates and is widely cultivated for cosmetic, medicinal, and nutritional purposes. Its soothing, anti-inflammatory, and moisturizing properties make it popular in both traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals.

    Aloe vera Scientific names

    • Kingdom: Plantae
    • Phylum: Angiosperms
    • Class: Monocots
    • Order: Asparagales
    • Family: Asphodelaceae
    • Genus: Aloe
    • Species: Aloe barbadensis miller

    Aloe vera Common Names

    • English: Aloe Vera, Burn Plant, Miracle Plant
    • Hindi: Gwarpatha
    • Sanskrit: Kumari
    • Gujarati: Kunvar Pathu
    • Tamil: Katrazhai
    • Malayalam: Kattaarvazha
    • Telugu: Kalabanda

    Aloe vera Uses

    • Skin Care and Wound Healing – Used traditionally for burns, cuts, and wounds due to its cooling and soothing effects, Accelerates healing of minor skin injuries and reduces inflammation.
    • Digestive Health – Aloe vera juice supports gut health, reduces acidity, and relieves constipation, Acts as a natural detoxifier.
    • Anti-Inflammatory & Antioxidant – Contains compounds that help reduce internal and external inflammation, Antioxidants support cellular health and immune system function.
    • Scalp and Hair Care – Nourishes the scalp, reduces dandruff, and promotes hair growth.
    • Immunity Booster – Boosts natural immunity by supporting liver function and improving digestion.
    • Diabetes Management – May help in regulating blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes patients.

    Phytochemical Constituents

    Aloe vera gel and latex contain numerous active compounds:

    • Polysaccharides: Acemannan (immunomodulatory and healing properties)
    • Anthraquinones: Aloin, Emodin (laxative and antimicrobial effects)
    • Saponins: Cleansing and antiseptic action
    • Enzymes: Alkaline phosphatase, Amylase, Lipase
    • Vitamins: A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, B12
    • Minerals: Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Selenium
    • Amino Acids: Essential and non-essential amino acids

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Bhavprakash Nighantu, Chapter on Herbal Remedies.

    Eshun, K., & He, Q. (2004). “Aloe vera: A valuable ingredient for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries – A review.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44(2), 91–96.

    Boudreau, M. D., & Beland, F. A. (2006). “An evaluation of the biological and toxicological properties of Aloe barbadensis (Miller), Aloe vera.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C, 24(1), 103–154.

    Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). “Aloe vera: A short review.” Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163–166.

    European Medicines Agency. Community herbal monograph on Aloe barbadensis Miller and Aloe (various species), EMA/HMPC/535138/2009.

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