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HARITAKI (Terminalia chebula)

HARITAKI (Terminalia chebula)

Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) is a prized medicinal plant in Ayurveda, commonly referred to as the “King of Medicines” due to its wide therapeutic benefits. It is known for its strong laxative, restorative, and cleansing qualities and is a member of the Combretaceae family. One of the three fruits in the traditional Triphala mixture is Haritaki.

Haritaki Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Myrtales
  • Family: Combretaceae
  • Genus: Terminalia
  • Species: Terminalia chebula

terminalia chebula common name

  • English: Chebulic Myrobalan
  • Sanskrit: Haritaki, Abhaya, Pathya
  • Hindi: Harad
  • Tamil: Kadukkai
  • Telugu: Karakkaya
  • Malayalam: Katukka
  • Bengali: Haritaki
  • Marathi: Hirda
  • Gujarati: Harade

terminalia chebula uses

  • Digestive Health – Acts as a mild laxative, supports colon cleansing, and relieves constipation.
  • Rejuvenation and Longevity – Classified as a Rasayana in Ayurveda, promoting longevity, vitality, and cellular regeneration.
  • Respiratory and Immune Support – Used in respiratory ailments such as cough, asthma, and sore throat due to its antimicrobial and expectorant effects.
  • Antioxidant and Detoxification – Helps in detoxifying the body, reducing oxidative stress, and removing free radicals.
  • Metabolic and Blood Sugar Support – Traditionally used to manage diabetes, improve insulin sensitivity, and maintain healthy lipid profiles.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

      Haritaki is rich in diverse bioactive compounds that contribute to its pharmacological activities:

    • Tannins: Chebulagic acid, Chebulinic acid, Gallic acid
    • Phenolic Compounds: Ellagic acid, Corilagin
    • Glycosides: Arjunglucoside, Arjunetin
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Luteolin
    • Fatty Acids: Palmitic acid, Stearic acid
    • Amino Acids: Leucine, Isoleucine
    • Others: β-Sitosterol, Fructose, Sorbitol

    References

    The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol. II. Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Sharma, P. V. (1996). Dravyaguna Vijnana, Vol. 2. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

    Saleem, A., Husheem, M., Härkönen, P., & Pihlaja, K. (2002). “Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81(3), 327–336.

    Srinivasan, V. S., & Ramani, R. (2011). “Phytochemical and pharmacological review of Terminalia chebula.” International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, 2(5), 1452–1456.

    Chopra, R. N., Nayar, S. L., & Chopra, I. C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    European Medicines Agency (EMA). (2017). Assessment report on Terminalia chebula Retz. fructus.

    Jagtap, A. G., & Karkera, S. G. (1999). “Potential of the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula as an anti-caries agent.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 68(1-3), 299–306.

GARMALO (Cassia fistula)

GARMALO (Cassia fistula)

Garmalo (Cassia fistula), also known as the Indian Laburnum, is a fast-growing deciduous tree native to the Indian subcontinent. It belongs to the Fabaceae family and is widely recognized for its bright yellow flowers and long, cylindrical seed pods. In Ayurveda and traditional systems of medicine, Garmalo is valued for its laxative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, especially its pulp, which is used as a gentle natural laxative.

Cassia fistula Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Fabales
  • Family: Fabaceae
  • Genus: Cassia
  • Species: Cassia fistula

Cassia fistula Common Name

  • English: Golden Shower Tree, Indian Laburnum
  • Sanskrit: Aragvadha
  • Hindi: Amaltas
  • Gujarati: Garmalo
  • Tamil: Konrai
  • Telugu: Rela
  • Marathi: Bahava
  • Malayalam: Kanikkonna
  • Kannada: Kakke

Cassia fistula Uses

  • Digestive System – The pulp of the fruit is a mild and safe laxative, commonly used for treating constipation in children and adults.
  • Skin Disorders – Used externally for skin infections, boils, and inflammation due to its antibacterial and antiseptic effects.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic – The stem bark and leaves are used to reduce swelling and pain in rheumatism and arthritis.
  • Antipyretic and Antimicrobial – Decoctions of bark and leaves are used in traditional remedies for fever, worm infestations, and urinary tract infections.
  • Detoxifier and Blood Purifier – Referred to as “Aragvadha” in Ayurveda, meaning “disease killer,” it is used in formulations for detoxification and blood purification.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

      Cassia fistula contains a variety of bioactive constituents responsible for its pharmacological properties:

    • Anthraquinones: Rhein, Emodin, Chrysophanol – responsible for laxative and antimicrobial activity
    • Flavonoids: Kaempferol, Luteolin – contribute to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties
    • Tannins: Found in bark, they have antibacterial and astringent properties.
    • Glycosides: Sennosides – act as natural purgatives
    • Sterols: Sitosterol – supports anti-inflammatory function
    • Coumarins and Resins: aid in the healing and detoxification processes

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India, Vol. II, Part I, First Edition, Page 13–15.

    Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Revised Edition, IDMA & RRL (CSIR), 2002.

    Nadkarni, K.M. (1976). Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I, Bombay Popular Prakashan.

    Kirtikar, K.R., & Basu, B.D. (1935). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. II, International Book Distributors.

    Gupta, A.K., Tandon, N., & Sharma, M. (2005). Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants, ICMR, Vol. 2.

    Satyavathi, G.V., Gupta, A.K., & Neeraj, T. (1976). Medicinal Plants of India, ICMR, Vol. I.

    Meena, A.K., Rao, M.M., & Padhi, M.M. (2010). “Review on pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Cassia fistula Linn.” Journal of Natural Remedies, 10(2), 102–109.

    Sharma, P.V. (1999). Dravyaguna Vijnana (Materia Medica – Vegetable Drugs), Vol. II, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

Gandhpuro oil ( Gaultheria fragrantissima )

Gandhpuro oil ( Gaultheria fragrantissima )

Gandhapura oil, derived from the leaves of Gaultheria fragrantissima, is a natural essential oil traditionally used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties. Known for its characteristic methyl salicylate content, the oil is highly effective in treating muscular pain, joint stiffness, rheumatism, and headaches.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Ericales
  • Family: Ericaceae
  • Genus: Gaultheria
  • Species: Gaultheria fragrantissima

Common Names

  • English: Wintergreen Oil, Sweet Birch Oil
  • Sanskrit: Gandhapura Taila
  • Hindi: Gandhapura Ka Tel
  • Tamil: Gandhapura Ennai
  • Telugu: Gandhapura Tailam
  • Bengali: Gandhapur Tel
  • Marathi: Gandhapur Tel

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Musculoskeletal Pain Relief – Used topically to relieve arthritis, joint pain, muscle cramps, and backaches.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Use – Contains methyl salicylate, which mimics the effects of aspirin to reduce inflammation and pain.
  • Skin Care and Antiseptic Use – Used in treating minor wounds, insect bites, and skin infections due to its antiseptic nature.
  • Respiratory Aid – In vapor form, it helps relieve nasal congestion and sinusitis.
  • Dental Applications – Incorporated into mouthwashes and toothpastes for its antimicrobial and flavoring properties.

      • Gandhapura oil’s primary bioactive compounds include:

    • Methyl Salicylate (90–98%) – Major compound responsible for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.
    • Gaultherin – Methyl salicylate is produced by hydrolyzing a glycoside.
    • Eugenol – Minor constituent with antiseptic properties.
    • Linalool & Cineole – Provide mild antimicrobial and aromatic qualities.

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part 1, Volume II, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Indian Materia Medica – Nadkarni, K.M. (1954). Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.

    Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants – An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer.

    National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4136, Methyl Salicylate.

    Tiwari, R. et al. (2010). “Pharmacological Aspects of Gaultheria fragrantissima.” Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(8), 187–190.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a bulbous perennial herb belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family. Widely used as a spice and traditional remedy, garlic is revered for its strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cardioprotective properties.

Garlic Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Monocots
  • Order: Asparagales
  • Family: Amaryllidaceae
  • Genus: Allium
  • Species: Allium sativum

Garlic Common Name

  • English: Garlic
  • Sanskrit: Lashuna
  • Hindi: Lahsun
  • Tamil: Poondu
  • Telugu: Vellulli
  • Malayalam: Veluthulli
  • Gujarati: Lasan
  • Marathi: Lasun
  • Bengali: Roshun

Garlic Uses

  • Cardiovascular Support – Garlic helps lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.
  • Antimicrobial and Antifungal – Contains natural antibiotic compounds effective against a wide range of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
  • Immunity Booster – Enhances the immune response, supports detoxification, and helps fight infections.
  • Antioxidant & Anti-inflammatory – Scavenges free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
  • Digestive and Respiratory Health – Acts as a digestive stimulant and is used traditionally for cold, cough, and bronchitis.
  • Anti-diabetic & Metabolic Health – Supports blood sugar regulation and may improve insulin sensitivity.

    • References

    Aurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Banerjee, S.K., & Maulik, S.K. (2002). “Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review.” Nutrition Journal, 18(6), 704–711.

    Amagase, H., Petesch, B.L., Matsuura, H., Kasuga, S., & Itakura, Y. (2001). “Intake of garlic and its bioactive components.” Journal of Nutrition, 131(3s), 955S–962S.

    Ankri, S., & Mirelman, D. (1999). “Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic.” Microbes and Infection, 1(2), 125–129.

    Rivlin, R.S. (2001). “Historical perspective on the use of garlic.” Journal of Nutrition, 131(3s), 951S–954S.

    The Wealth of India, (2003), CSIR, New Delhi.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, CSIR, New Delhi.

    Ross, I.A. (2001). Medicinal Plants of the World: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses. Vol. 2. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

GUNJA (Abrus precatorius)

GUNJA (Abrus precatorius)

Gunja (Abrus precatorius) is a slender, perennial climber known for its bright red seeds with a black spot, often referred to as “rosary peas.” Belonging to the Fabaceae family, Gunja is known for its potent medicinal and toxic properties. In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, it is used in extremely minute quantities for treating various ailments like hair fall, skin diseases, and nervous disorders, after undergoing a specific detoxification process called shodhana.

Gunja Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Fabales
  • Family: Fabaceae
  • Genus: Abrus
  • Species: Abrus precatorius

Abrus precatorius Common Name

  • English: Rosary Pea, Jequirity
  • Sanskrit: Gunja, Raktika
  • Hindi: Ratti, Chirmi
  • Tamil: Kunni
  • Telugu: Gurivinda
  • Malayalam: Kunni kuru
  • Marathi: Gunja
  • Kannada: Gulaganji

Abrus precatorius Uses

  • Hair and Scalp Health – Used externally in medicated oils to promote hair growth and manage alopecia.
  • Neurological Disorders – Known for its nervine tonic effects in minute, processed doses, Used in Ayurvedic formulations for conditions like epilepsy and paralysis.
  • Aphrodisiac and Reproductive Health – Considered an aphrodisiac in classical texts, Used to stimulate libido and treat male infertility.
  • Skin Diseases – Applied topically for leucoderma, eczema, and other dermatological issues.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic – Seed and leaf extracts show anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties in various traditional uses.

    • References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Part I, Vol. III. Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Gunjaadi Varga – Commentary by Sri Brahmashankara Mishra.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    M. P. Sharma, R. Yelne, T. J. Dennis. (2002). Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda. CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Singh, S., & Pandey, S. (2012). “Toxicological and pharmacological profile of Abrus precatorius L.: A review.” International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 3(6), 1614–1621.

    Bhalla, T. N., & Gupta, M. B. (1970). “Pharmacological investigations on Abrus precatorius.” Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2(1), 7–12.

    World Health Organization (WHO) Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Vol. 3.

Eranda (Ricinus communis L.)

Eranda (Ricinus communis L.)

Eranda (Ricinus communis L.) is a fast-growing, perennial or annual shrub native to the tropical regions of Africa and India, now cultivated worldwide for its medicinal seeds and oil. It belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and is widely known for its castor oil, which is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. The plant is known for its purgative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and laxative properties.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Malpighiales
  • Family: Euphorbiaceae
  • Genus: Ricinus
  • Species: Ricinus communis L.

Common Names

  • English: Castor Plant
  • Sanskrit: Eranda
  • Hindi: Arand
  • Tamil: Amanakku
  • Telugu: Amudamu
  • Bengali: Rer
  • Gujarati: Andar
  • Marathi: Erand

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Laxative and Purgative – Castor oil from Eranda seeds acts as a strong purgative, used for treating constipation and cleansing the bowels.
  • Anti-inflammatory – The leaves and oil are applied externally for joint pain, arthritis, and inflammatory swellings.
  • Pain Relief – Leaf poultice is traditionally used to relieve muscle pain and neuralgia.
  • Respiratory Health – Used in cough and asthma, especially in Ayurveda, where root decoction is known to reduce Kapha.
  • Gynecological Use – Used in inducing labor and treating postpartum disorders.
  • Hepatoprotective and Antimicrobial – Traditional use includes managing liver disorders and bacterial infections.

Phytochemical Constituents

    Eranda contains various bioactive constituents responsible for its medicinal actions:

  • Fixed Oil: Ricinoleic acid – the primary active component of castor oil; known for its purgative and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • Alkaloids: Ricinine – exhibits insecticidal and antimicrobial properties.
  • Proteins: Ricin – a highly toxic protein (inactivated in processed oil).
  • Flavonoids: Kaempferol, Quercetin – possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
  • Steroids: β-sitosterol – contributes to anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Triterpenoids: Lupeol – known for anti-arthritic properties.

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Part I, Volume 3, Govt. of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

Indian Materia Medica by K.M. Nadkarni, Vol. 1, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.

Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Duke, J.A. (2002). Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press.

Prasad, R., & Raju, B. (2009). “Phytopharmacology of Ricinus communis L. – A review.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 1(2), 1-6.

Singh, A., & Singh, D. (2010). “A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Ricinus communis.” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 2(5), 55-60.

European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

Sharma, P.V. (2006). Dravyaguna Vijnana, Vol. II, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi.

EKHARO / Kokilaksha (Asteracantha longifolia)

EKHARO / Kokilaksha (Asteracantha longifolia)

Known by its formal name, Asteracantha longifolia (syn. Hygrophila auriculata), ekharo / Kokilaksha is a swampy, spiky plant that is frequently found in tropical Asia, including India. Traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine, it is valued for its aphrodisiac, hepatoprotective, and diuretic properties. The seeds, roots, and whole plant are used in various formulations for urinary, reproductive, and liver health.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Clade: Angiosperms
  • Clade: Eudicots
  • Clade: Asterids
  • Order: Lamiales
  • Family: Acanthaceae
  • Genus: Asteracantha
  • Species: Asteracantha longifolia
  • Synonyms: Hygrophila auriculata, Hygrophila spinosa

Common Names

  • English: Marsh Barbel
  • Sanskrit: Kokilaksha, Ikshura
  • Hindi: Talimakhana
  • Gujarati: Ekharo
  • Tamil: Neermulli
  • Telugu: Neeragogu
  • Malayalam: Vayalchulli
  • Marathi: Talimakhana
  • Bengali: Kulekhara

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Reproductive Health (Aphrodisiac) – Traditionally used to increase sexual vitality and male fertility. Seeds are used to improve sperm count and motility. It is also classified as a vajikarana herb in Ayurveda.
  • Liver Protection – The root and seeds are used in decoctions to manage jaundice and liver enlargement. Known for hepatoprotective effects.
  • Urinary Tract Health – Used as a diuretic in Ayurvedic formulations. Helps manage dysuria, urinary retention, and kidney disorders.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic – Because of its anti-inflammatory qualities, it is used to treat rheumatic disorders, gout, joint discomfort, and swelling.
  • Diabetes Management – Seed extracts have shown hypoglycemic effects and may help regulate blood sugar levels.
  • Blood Purifier – Traditionally used as a blood tonic in general debility and to support hematopoietic functions.

Phytochemical Constituents

  • Sterols & Triterpenoids: Lupeol, Stigmasterol
  • Alkaloids: Uncharacterized nitrogenous bases with aphrodisiac activity
  • Flavonoids: Apigenin, Quercetin derivatives
  • Phenolic Compounds: Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid
  • Saponins and Mucilage: Contribute to anti-inflammatory and soothing effects
  • Other Compounds: Butelin, Essential oils, Fatty acids

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. (1999). Part-I, Volume II. Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH, New Delhi.

Sharma, P.V. (2003). Dravyaguna Vijnana (Vol. 2). Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi.

Nadkarni, K.M. (2002). Indian Materia Medica. Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.

Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Chauhan, N.S., & Dixit, V.K. (2010). “A review on Asteracantha longifolia: A potent medicinal plant.” Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 20(5), 812–817.

Nagendra Singh Chauhan et al. (2009). “Pharmacological evaluation of Kokilaksha.” International Journal of Ayurveda Research, 1(2), 91–99.

Sharma, R.K., & Dash, B. (2013). Charaka Samhita, Vol. 2. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi.

European Pharmacopoeia. (10th Edition). Council of Europe.

Rahman, M. et al. (2020). “Phytopharmacological overview of Hygrophila auriculata.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 247, 112261.

The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. (2002). Volume IV: F–Ka. CSIR, New Delhi.

Daruharidra (Berberis aristata)

Daruharidra (Berberis aristata)

Daruharidra (Berberis aristata) is a small to medium-sized shrub commonly found in the Himalayan region and parts of India. It is recognized for its medicinal properties and is widely used in traditional systems of medicine, particularly in Ayurveda. The plant is known for its yellowish bark, which is rich in berberine, a compound with significant therapeutic effects.

Daruharidra Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Ranunculales
  • Family: Berberidaceae
  • Genus: Berberis
  • Species: Berberis aristata

Daruharidra Common Names

  • English: Indian Barberry, Tree Turmeric
  • Sanskrit: Daruharidra, Daru, Haridra
  • Hindi: Daruharidra, Chitra, Chitrak
  • Tamil: Vaivarasa, Daruharidra
  • Telugu: Daruharidra
  • Bengali: Daruharidra
  • Marathi: Daruharidra

Daruharidra Uses

  • Liver Health –

    • Hepatoprotective: Daruhaldar is renowned for its liver-protective properties. It aids in detoxifying the liver, improving liver function, and treating conditions like jaundice and liver infections.
  • Anti-inflammatory – The plant exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat conditions such as arthritis and various inflammatory diseases.
  • Skin Disorders – Antibacterial and Antifungal: Daruhaldar’s bark is used in treating skin diseases, including eczema, psoriasis, and ringworm infections. It helps in reducing skin irritation and inflammation.
  • Digestive Health – Daruhaldar is used to treat digestive disorders, including indigestion and constipation. It is also beneficial in treating gastric ulcers and improving appetite.
  • Antimicrobial Properties – The plant is known for its antimicrobial properties, making it effective against various bacterial and fungal infections.
  • Blood Purification – Used traditionally as a blood purifier, it helps in improving skin tone and managing conditions related to blood toxicity.

Phytochemical Constituents

Daruhaldar contains a variety of active compounds, including:

  • Alkaloids: Berberine, Palmatine, Columbamine
  • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
  • Phenolic Compounds: Tannins, Anthraquinones
  • Other Compounds: Berberastine, Oxyacanthine

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Government of India.

Sharangdhar Samhita, Chapter on Hepatoprotective Herbs.

Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Verma, S., & Gupta, R. (2012). “Berberis aristata: A comprehensive review of its medicinal properties.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(11), 4245-4250.

Kamatou, G.P.P., & Viljoen, A.M. (2015). “Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Berberis aristata.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 163, 7-15.

Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.

Draksha / Grapes (Vitis vinifera)

DRAKSHA

Draksha (Vitis vinifera), commonly known as grapes, is a widely cultivated fruit that belongs to the Vitaceae family. Known for its sweet taste and rich nutritional profile, it has been used for centuries both as a food and in traditional medicine. Grapes are often consumed fresh or dried into raisins and are highly regarded for their health benefits, including antioxidant properties and support for heart health.

Grapes Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Vitales
  • Family: Vitaceae
  • Genus: Vitis
  • Species: Vitis vinifera

Vitis vinifera Common Name

  • English: Grapes
  • Sanskrit: Draksha
  • Hindi: Angoor
  • Tamil: Draksha
  • Telugu: Draksha
  • Bengali: Angur
  • Marathi: Angoor

Grapes Uses

  • Digestive Health – Draksha is known for its laxative properties, helping to relieve constipation and improve bowel movements.
  • Antioxidant Benefits – Rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, and anthocyanins, it is a potent antioxidant that helps in protecting the body from free radical damage.
  • Heart Health – Traditionally, Draksha is used to improve heart health by reducing blood pressure and preventing the buildup of cholesterol in the arteries.
  • Immune System Support – Acts as an immunomodulator, enhancing the body’s natural defense mechanisms against infections.
  • Blood Purification and Detoxification – Draksha is considered effective in purifying blood and detoxifying the body, often used in detox regimes.
  • Skin and Hair Health – It is often used to enhance skin health, reduce pigmentation, and promote hair growth, owing to its antioxidant content.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Draksha contains a range of bioactive compounds that contribute to its medicinal benefits. Some key phytochemicals include:

    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
    • Polyphenols: Resveratrol, Catechins
    • Anthocyanins: Cyanidin-3-glucoside, Malvidin
    • Vitamins: Vitamin C, Vitamin K, Vitamin B6
    • Minerals: Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium
    • Amino Acids: Glutamine, Arginine

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Sharma, P., & Singh, R. (2016). “Medicinal Properties of Grapes (Vitis vinifera): A Review.” Journal of Phytopharmacology, 5(2), 92-97.

    Kalpana, B., & Rajasekaran, S. (2015). “Health Benefits of Grapes: A Review.” Food Science and Biotechnology, 24(2), 415-423.

    Kambizi, L., & Afolayan, A.J. (2007). “The Nutritional and Medicinal Value of Grapes.” Medicinal Plants of Southern Africa.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)

Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)

The wood of the camphor tree, which is a member of the Lauraceae family, yields the extremely aromatic chemical known as camphor (Cinnamomum camphora). It is extensively utilized in cosmetic, culinary, and medical applications. In addition to its antibacterial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory qualities, camphor has a cooling effect. Traditionally, camphor has been used in various cultures for its therapeutic benefits, especially in treating respiratory issues, skin ailments, and for its use in religious ceremonies.

Camphor Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Laurales
  • Family: Lauraceae
  • Genus: Cinnamomum
  • Species: Cinnamomum camphora

cinnamomum camphora common name

  • English: Camphor
  • Sanskrit: Karpoora
  • Hindi: Kapoor
  • Tamil: Karpooram
  • Telugu: Karpooram
  • Bengali: Kapur
  • Malayalam: Karpooram

Camphor Uses

  • Respiratory Health – Camphor is used in inhalation to treat coughs, bronchitis, and asthma. It acts as an expectorant, helping to clear mucus from the airways.
  • Pain Relief – Applied topically, camphor has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, making it useful for treating muscle pain, arthritis, and inflammatory conditions.
  • Skin Care – Known for its antibacterial and antifungal properties, camphor is used in the treatment of skin infections, eczema, and acne. It also aids in cooling and soothing the skin, especially for conditions like burns and rashes.
  • Mental Clarity and Relaxation – Camphor is also used to induce a calming effect and improve mental clarity. It is often burned as incense in religious practices and for meditation.
  • Insect Repellent – Camphor’s strong aroma helps in repelling insects like mosquitoes, which is why it’s often used in mothballs and insect repellents.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Camphor contains several active compounds responsible for its medicinal properties. Some of the key phytochemicals include:

    • Essential Oils: Camphor, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), Linalool
    • Terpenes: Alpha-pinene, Beta-pinene, Camphene
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
    • Phenolic Compounds: Cinnamic acid, Chlorogenic acid

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

    Kirtikar, K.R., & Basu, B.D. (1999). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. 2, International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India.

    Mahomoodally, M.F., & Ramsay, C. (2013). “Traditional uses and pharmacological properties of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 149(2), 203-219.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 9th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Binu, P., & Nair, R. (2015). “Phytochemical analysis and medicinal uses of camphor.” International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, 5(3), 490-495.

    World Health Organization (WHO) Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants.

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