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Archives: Ingredient

Fennel – Foeniculum vulgare

fennel

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a highly aromatic and flavorful herb used in culinary and medicinal applications. It belongs to the Apiaceae family and is widely cultivated across various regions for its seeds, leaves, and essential oil. Traditionally, fennel has been used to treat digestive issues, respiratory disorders, and menstrual irregularities.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Apiales
  • Family: Apiaceae
  • Genus: Foeniculum
  • Species: Foeniculum vulgare

Common Names

  • English: Fennel
  • Sanskrit: Shatapushpa
  • Hindi: Saunf
  • Tamil: Perunjeeragam
  • Telugu: Sopu
  • Bengali: Mouri
  • Marathi: Badishep

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Digestive Health – Acts as a natural carminative, relieving bloating, indigestion, and gas.
  • Respiratory Benefits – Works as an expectorant, helping clear mucus and ease cough and bronchitis.
  • Menstrual and Reproductive Health- Functions as an emmenagogue, aiding in menstrual regulation and reducing cramps.
  • Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties – Rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, providing anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Lactation Enhancer – Traditionally used to promote breast milk production in nursing mothers.

Phytochemical Constituents

  • Essential Oils: Anethole, Estragole, Fenchone
  • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
  • Phenolic Compounds: Rosmarinic acid, Caffeic acid
  • Alkaloids: Umbelliferone, Bergapten

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Govt. of India.

Sharangdhar Samhita, Chapter on Digestive Disorders.

Kamatou, G.P.P., Vermaak, I., & Viljoen, A.M. (2013). “An updated review of Foeniculum vulgare essential oils: Phytochemistry and biological activities.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 146(3), 508-513.

European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

Rahimi, R., & Ardekani, M.R. (2013). “Medicinal properties of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): A systematic review.” Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 27(6), 897-916.

Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

chitrak – Plumbago zeylanica

chitrak

Plumbago zeylanica (Chitrak) is a powerful medicinal herb widely used in Ayurveda for its digestive, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. It helps in treating piles, indigestion, respiratory issues, joint pain, liver disorders, and skin diseases. Chitrak also supports child digestive health, hair growth, and weight management due to its metabolism-boosting properties.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Caryophyllales
  • Family: Plumbaginaceae
  • Genus: Plumbago
  • Species: Plumbago zeylanica L.

Common Names

  • Assamese : Agiyachit, Agnachit
  • Bengali : Chita
  • English : Lead war
  • Gujrati : Chitrakmula
  • Hindi : Chira, Chitra
  • Kannada : Chitramula, Vahni, Bilichitramoola
  • Kashmiri : Chitra, Shatranja
  • Malayalam : Vellakeduveli, Thumpokkoduveli
  • Marathi : Chitraka
  • Oriya : Chitamula, Chitoparu
  • Punjabi : Chitra
  • Tamil : Chitramoolam, Kodiveli
  • Telugu : Chitramulam
  • Urdu : Sheetraj Hindi, Cheetah

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Digestive Disorders: Used as a digestive stimulant, it helps in conditions like indigestion, loss of appetite, and constipation.
  • Piles Care: Traditionally used for managing hemorrhoids and anal fissures by reducing inflammation and improving digestion.
  • Child Digestive Health: Helps in relieving colic pain, bloating, and mild constipation in children when used in controlled doses.
  • Weight Management: Used in Ayurveda to enhance metabolism, improve digestion, and assist in fat metabolism.
  • Skin Conditions: Applied externally for treating eczema, psoriasis, and other dermatological disorders.
  • Respiratory Ailments: Traditionally used for managing asthma, bronchitis, and chronic cough.
  • Fever Management: Acts as an antipyretic and helps reduce fever.
  • Rheumatism & Arthritis: Reduces joint pain and inflammation.
  • Liver Disorders: Known for hepatoprotective properties and helps in liver detoxification.

Phytochemical Constituents

  • Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) – a potent naphthoquinone with strong pharmacological activities.
  • Flavonoids – Contributing to antioxidant properties
  • Alkaloids – Providing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory benefits.
  • Triterpenoids – Known for their hepatoprotective and immune-boosting properties.
  • Glycosides, Steroids, and Tannins – Supporting various biological activities.

References

Mishra, S., & Aeri, V. (2016). “Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies on Plumbago zeylanica L.: An important medicinal plant.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7(2), 517-524.

Patel, R., & Patel, N. (2018). “Plumbagin: A review on its sources, pharmacological significance, and toxicity profile.” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(3), 5-12.

Goyal, M., & Kadnur, S. (2006). “Hepatoprotective activity of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. root extract against CCl4-induced liver damage in rats.” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 44(4), 305-311.

Chakraborty, S., & Roy, M. (2015). “Anticancer potential of plumbagin: A natural compound with therapeutic promise.” Journal of Natural Remedies, 15(1), 34-45.

Kumar, S., & Sharma, A. (2020). “Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Plumbago zeylanica root extracts.” Journal of Herbal Medicine, 10(2), 58-67.

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. (1989). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Part I, Vol. I, p. 39). New Delhi: Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH).

Elaichi / Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)

elaichi

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is a perennial herb valued for its fragrant seeds, commonly used in culinary spices and traditional healing practices. Cardamom, a spice from the Zingiberaceae family, is originally found in Indonesia and the Indian subcontinent. It is valued for its digestive, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties and is often used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine to manage respiratory issues, digestive disorders, and oral health.

Cardamom Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Monocots
  • Order: Zingiberales
  • Family: Zingiberaceae
  • Genus: Elettaria
  • Species: Elettaria cardamomum

Cardamom Common Names

  • English: Cardamom
  • Sanskrit: Ela, Truti
  • Hindi: Elaichi
  • Tamil: Elakkai
  • Telugu: Elakulu
  • Kannada: Elakki
  • Malayalam: Elathari
  • Bengali: Elach
  • Marathi: Velchi

Cardamom Uses

  • Digestive Health – Acts as a carminative and digestive aid. Helps in relieving flatulence, indigestion, and nausea.
  • Respiratory Health – Used as an expectorant in cough, asthma, bronchitis, and cold.
  • Oral and Dental Health – Freshens breath and is used in treating bad breath and oral infections due to its antimicrobial properties.
  • Anti-inflammatory & Antioxidant – Contains potent antioxidants that combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation.
  • Urinary Health – Used to manage burning micturition and urinary tract infections in Ayurvedic practice.
  • Aphrodisiac – Traditionally known to enhance libido and reproductive health.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Cardamom is rich in volatile oils and phenolic compounds which contribute to its therapeutic actions:

    • Essential Oils: 1,8-Cineole, α-Terpinyl acetate, Linalool, Limonene
    • Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
    • Phenolic acids: Gallic acid, Protocatechuic acid
    • Sterols & Terpenoids: β-Sitosterol, Pinene
    • Alkaloids: Choline
    • Other Compounds: Tannins, Saponins

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Part I, Volume II. Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Weiss, R. F. (2001). Herbal Medicine. Thieme Medical Publishers.

    Bhowmik, D., et al. (2012). “Medicinal uses of cardamom and its health benefits.” Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(3), 1240-1244.

    Verma, R. S., et al. (2009). “Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) essential oil.” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(6), 386–389.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Chopra, R. N., Nayar, S. L., & Chopra, I. C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.

    Sharangdhar Samhita, Chapter on Digestive and Respiratory Disorders.

Clove / Laving (Syzygium aromaticum)

laving

Clove / Laving (Syzygium aromaticum) is a dried flower bud of a tree belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Native to the Maluku Islands of Indonesia, it is widely cultivated and used around the world, particularly in culinary, pharmaceutical, and traditional medicine systems. Clove is renowned for its antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it a valuable herb in Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha systems of medicine.

Clove Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Myrtales
  • Family: Myrtaceae
  • Genus: Syzygium
  • Species: Syzygium aromaticum

Clove Common Names

  • English: Clove
  • Sanskrit: Lavanga
  • Hindi: Laung
  • Tamil: Kirambu
  • Telugu: Lavangam
  • Malayalam: Grambu
  • Kannada: Lavanga
  • Marathi: Lavang
  • Bengali: Labanga

Clove Uses

  • Dental and Oral Health – Used for toothaches and gum infections due to its analgesic and antiseptic properties.
  • Digestive Health – Helps relieve indigestion, bloating, and flatulence. Acts as a carminative.
  • Respiratory Disorders – Used in managing cough, asthma, and bronchitis as an expectorant.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Pain Relief – Topical application provides relief from muscle pain, joint inflammation, and arthritis.
  • Immune Support and Antioxidant Action – Rich in antioxidants like eugenol, which supports the immune system and reduces oxidative stress.
  • Antimicrobial Action – Exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Clove is rich in essential oils and bioactive compounds, including:

    • Essential Oils:

      • Eugenol (main constituent, up to 80–90%)
      Caryophyllene
      Acetyl eugenol

    • Phenolic Compounds:

      • Gallic acid
      Tannins

    • Flavonoids:

      • Quercetin
      Kaempferol

    • Others:

      • Saponins
      Steroids
      Terpenoids

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol. IV, Govt. of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Indian Materia Medica by K.M. Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe.

    Chaieb, K. et al. (2007). “Antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil against a wide range of clinical bacteria.” International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 30(3), 304–308.

    Cortés-Rojas, D.F., de Souza, C.R.F., & Oliveira, W.P. (2014). “Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): A precious spice.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(2), 90–96.

    Singh, G., et al. (2005). “Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) from India.” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20, 55–58.

NAGOD (Vitex negundo)

NAGOD (Vitex negundo)

Nagod (Vitex negundo L.) is a large aromatic shrub traditionally used in Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicine systems. It belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is known for its potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-bacterial, and anti-asthmatic properties. The plant is extensively utilized for treating joint pain, respiratory ailments, skin disorders, and fever, making it a cornerstone in herbal medicine for musculoskeletal and respiratory conditions.

Nagod Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Lamiales
  • Family: Lamiaceae
  • Genus: Vitex
  • Species: Vitex negundo L.

Nirgundi Common Name

  • English: Chinese Chaste Tree, Five-Leaved Chaste Tree
  • Sanskrit: Nirgundi
  • Hindi: Nagod / Nirgundi
  • Tamil: Nochi
  • Telugu: Nocchi
  • Malayalam: Indrani
  • Kannada: Nirgundi
  • Bengali: Nishinda
  • Marathi: Nagod

Nirgundi Uses

  • Joint and Muscular Pain Relief – Used in Ayurveda as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic for conditions like arthritis, sciatica, and muscular injuries.
  • Respiratory Health – Acts as an expectorant and is used in cough, asthma, and bronchitis.
  • Skin Disorders – Antibacterial and antifungal properties help in treating eczema, wounds, and boils.
  • Fever and Infections – Traditionally used to treat intermittent fever, malaria, and general infections.
  • Gynecological Uses – Helps in managing menstrual disorders and is used as a uterine tonic in folk medicine.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Vitex negundo contains several pharmacologically active constituents that contribute to its wide range of therapeutic applications:

    • Flavonoids: Vitexin, Casticin, Orientin
    • Iridoid Glycosides: Negundoside
    • Terpenoids: β-sitosterol, Lupeol
    • Phenolic Compounds: p-Hydroxybenzoic acid
    • Essential Oils: Sabinene, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, Linalool
    • Alkaloids: Vitenegundine

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Part I, Vol. 1, Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, CSIR, New Delhi.

    Kirtikar, K.R., & Basu, B.D. (1935). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. 3, Lalit Mohan Basu, Allahabad.

    Dahanukar, S.A., Kulkarni, R.A., & Rege, N.N. (2000). “Pharmacology of medicinal plants and natural products.” Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 32, S81–S118.

    Sharma, R. (2003). Medicinal Plants of India: An Encyclopaedia, Daya Publishing House.

    Singh, G., et al. (2005). “Essential oil composition of Vitex negundo Linn. and its antimicrobial activity.” Natural Product Research, 19(5), 403–409.

    European Medicines Agency. Assessment Report on Vitex negundo L., Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC), 2011.

VASAKA (Malabar Nut)

VASAKA (Malabar Nut)

Vasaka (Justicia adhatoda), commonly known as Malabar Nut, is a well-known medicinal plant widely used in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha systems of medicine, primarily for its bronchodilator, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is particularly renowned for treating respiratory disorders, including asthma, bronchitis, cough, and tuberculosis. Vasaka is indigenous to Southeast Asia and a member of the Acanthaceae family.

Vasaka Scientific Name

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Lamiales
  • Family: Acanthaceae
  • Genus: Justicia
  • Species: Justicia adhatoda (Synonym: Adhatoda vasica)

Justicia adhatoda Common Name

  • English: Malabar Nut, Vasaka
  • Sanskrit: Vasa, Vrisha
  • Hindi: Adusa
  • Tamil: Adathodai
  • Telugu: Addasaramu
  • Malayalam: Atalotakam
  • Kannada: Adusoge
  • Marathi: Adulsa
  • Bengali: Basok

Justicia adhatoda Uses

  • Respiratory Disorders
    • Expectorant – Helps in thinning and expelling phlegm from the lungs.
    • Bronchodilator – Relieves asthma and bronchial congestion.
    • Antitussive – Soothes chronic cough, bronchitis, and TB.
  • Bleeding Disorders – Traditionally used to treat hemoptysis (coughing up blood), menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), and bleeding piles due to its styptic action.
  • Antimicrobial and Antioxidant – Demonstrates significant antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Wound Healing – Used in treating skin diseases, wounds, and inflammation.

Phytochemical Constituents

Vasaka contains a rich array of alkaloids, flavonoids, and essential oils that contribute to its medicinal effects:

  • Alkaloids: Vasicine, Vasicinone, Vasicinol
  • Flavonoids: Luteolin, Apigenin
  • Phenolic Compounds: Tannins, Gallic acid
  • Essential oils: 1,8-Cineole, β-sitosterol

References

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Govt. of India, Ministry of AYUSH. Volume 1, Part I, Monograph on Adhatoda vasica.

Singh, S., & Khanuja, S.P.S. (2004). “Biological effects of Justicia adhatoda (vasaka): A review.” Current Science, 87(1), 131–135.

Dhuley, J.N. (1999). “Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 67(3), 361–365.

European Medicines Agency. (2015). Herbal monograph on Justicia adhatoda leaves.

Karthikeyan, P., & Shanthi, P. (2009). “Protective effect of Adhatoda vasica against oxidative damage of liver in hyperammonemic rats.” Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 24(2), 174–179.

Warrier, P.K., Nambiar, V.P.K., & Ramankutty, C. (1993). Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species, Vol. 1. Orient Longman.

Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi.

Indian Pharmacopoeia. (2022). Monograph on Adhatoda vasica. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission.

Sariva – Hemidesmus indicus

Sariva - Hemidesmus indicus

Sariva, also known as Indian Sarsaparilla, is a slender, twining shrub native to India. Its roots are aromatic and used extensively in Ayurvedic medicine for detoxification, skin disorders, and as a general health tonic. The herb is especially praised for balancing the Pitta dosha.

Sariva Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Gentianales
  • Family: Apocynaceae
  • Genus: Hemidesmus
  • Species: H. indicus

Hemidesmus indicus Common Names

  • English: Indian Sarsaparilla
  • Hindi: Anantmool
  • Sanskrit: Sariva, Anantmula
  • Gujarati: Udeeniya
  • Marathi: Upalsari
  • Tamil: Nannari
  • Telugu: Sugandhipala

Hemidesmus indicus uses

  • Blood Purifier – Traditionally used to cleanse the blood and improve skin complexion.
  • Skin Health – Effective in managing eczema, acne, and chronic skin allergies.
  • Detoxification – Promotes liver detoxification and urinary health.
  • Immune Booster – Strengthens overall immunity and rejuvenates body tissues.
  • Fever and Inflammation – Used in reducing fever, burning sensation, and inflammation.
  • Digestive Health – Aids digestion, improves appetite, and soothes ulcers.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Sariva contains various bioactive compounds including:

    • Hemidesmin I and II – Antioxidant and hepatoprotective
    • Saponins – Anti-inflammatory and detoxifying properties
    • Tannins – Astringent and antimicrobial
    • Essential oils – Provide aromatic and therapeutic value
    • Coumarins – Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
    • Steroids and Flavonoids – Immunomodulatory properties

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Volume III, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India.

    Sharma, P. V. (2003). Dravyaguna Vigyan, Vol. 2. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

    Nadkarni, K. M. (2009). Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I. Bombay Popular Prakashan.

    Kirtikar, K. R., & Basu, B. D. (2008). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. II. International Book Distributors.

    Gupta, M., Mazumder, U. K., & Bhawal, S. R. (2004). “Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Hemidesmus indicus root extract.” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 42(3), 301–305.

    Muthu, C., et al. (2006). “Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India.” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2, 43.

CHANOTHI (Ichnocarpus frutescens)

CHANOTHI (Ichnocarpus frutescens)

Ichnocarpus frutescens, commonly known as Chanothi, is a woody climber belonging to the Apocynaceae family. Native to tropical Asia, including India, it is recognized for its slender, cylindrical fruits and minute purple or greenish-white flowers. Traditionally, various parts of the plant have been utilized in herbal medicine for their therapeutic properties.

Chanothi Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Division: Magnoliophyta
  • Class: Magnoliopsida
  • Order: Gentianales
  • Family: Apocynaceae
  • Genus: Ichnocarpus
  • Species: Ichnocarpus frutescens

Ichnocarpus frutescens Common Names

  • English: Black Creeper
  • Sanskrit: Krishna Sariva
  • Hindi: Kali Sariva, Dudhi, Simalata
  • Assamese: Dudhkuri Lota
  • Bengali: Dorelata, Dudhi, Shyamalata
  • Kannada: Gorwiballi, Haalu Genasu
  • Malayalam: Nannari, Parvalli
  • Marathi: Dudhbel, Kantebhouri
  • Oriya: Syamolota
  • Tamil: Illu-katte, Paravalli
  • Telugu: Illukkatti, Korampala
  • Tibetan: Thal Tras Nag Po

Chanothi Uses

  • Digestive Health – Used to alleviate dysentery and diarrhea due to its astringent properties.
  • Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic – Contains compounds that exhibit anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, useful in treating conditions like arthritis and general pain relief.
  • Antimicrobial Activity – Demonstrates antibacterial properties, making it effective against certain bacterial infections.
  • Skin Conditions – Applied topically to treat skin infections, wounds, and ulcers due to its healing properties.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Phytochemical analyses of Ichnocarpus frutescens have identified several bioactive compounds:

    • Alkaloids: Contribute to the plant’s therapeutic effects, including antimicrobial and analgesic activities.
    • Flavonoids: Known for their antioxidant properties, aiding in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
    • Saponins: Exhibit cholesterol-lowering and immune-boosting effects.
    • Tannins: Provide astringent qualities, beneficial in treating diarrhea and promoting wound healing.

    References

    Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. (2013). “Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Ichnocarpus frutescens.”

    International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah. (2020). “Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants.”

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. (2001). Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homoeopathy.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.

Arjuna – Terminalia arjuna

Arjuna - Terminalia arjuna

Terminalia arjuna is a large deciduous tree native to India, renowned in Ayurveda for its powerful cardioprotective and antioxidant benefits. Traditionally, its bark has been used as a natural remedy for heart-related ailments, serving as an effective cardiac tonic.

Arjuna Scientific Names

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Clade: Tracheophytes
  • Clade: Angiosperms
  • Clade: Eudicots
  • Order: Myrtales
  • Family: Combretaceae
  • Genus: Terminalia
  • Species: T. arjuna

terminalia arjuna common names

  • English: Arjuna Tree
  • Hindi: Arjun
  • Sanskrit: Arjuna
  • Telugu: Tella Maddi
  • Tamil: Maruthu
  • Kannada: Holematti
  • Malayalam: Neermaruthu

Arjuna Uses

  • Cardiovascular Health – Menopausal women are at higher risk of heart issues. Arjuna strengthens the heart and regulates blood pressure and cholesterol.
  • Blood Pressure Regulation – May help in maintaining optimal blood pressure by vasodilation and improving arterial elasticity.
  • Cholesterol Management – Has lipid-lowering effects, useful in managing total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides.
  • Wound Healing – Known for its astringent and healing properties in skin wounds and ulcers.
  • Antioxidant Properties – Contains compounds that help in combating oxidative stress and protecting heart tissues.
  • for Osteoporosis – Arjuna is rich in calcium and other minerals, which may aid in maintaining bone density.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    • Triterpenoids: Arjunic acid, Arjunolic acid
    • Flavonoids: Arjunone, Arjunolone
    • Saponins: Arjunoside I–IV
    • Tannins: Catechins, Ellagic acid
    • Glycosides

      • Minerals: Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc

    References

    Sharma, P. V. (2005). Dravyaguna Vijnana Vol. 2. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.

    Government of India. (2001). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol. I, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Dwivedi, S. (2007). Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn.—A useful drug for cardiovascular disorders. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 114(2), 114–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.003

    Kapoor, L. D. (2001). Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press.

    Karthikeyan, K., Bai, B. R., & Gauthaman, K. (2003). Cardioprotective activity of the alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark in an in vivo model of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 88(2-3), 133–140.

MAMEJVA (Enicostemma littorale)

MAMEJVA (Enicostemma littorale)

Mamejva (Enicostemma littorale Blume), also known as Indian Whitehead or Chhota Chirayata, is a small perennial herb belonging to the Gentianaceae family. It is widely distributed in India and other tropical countries. Traditionally, Mamejva has been valued for its potent antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant properties, making it a significant herb in Ayurveda, Siddha, and folk medicine.

Scientific Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Angiosperms
  • Class: Eudicots
  • Order: Gentianales
  • Family: Gentianaceae
  • Genus: Enicostemma
  • Species: Enicostemma littorale Blume

Common Names

  • English: Indian Whitehead, Indian Gentian
  • Sanskrit: Mamajjaka
  • Hindi: Mamejvo, Nayi
  • Gujarati: Mamejavo
  • Tamil: Vellarugu
  • Telugu: Vellaku
  • Kannada: Nelavarike

Traditional and Medicinal Uses

  • Antidiabetic Action – Widely used in Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine to manage type 2 diabetes by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing blood glucose levels.
  • Hepatoprotective Properties – Protects liver tissues from damage due to toxins or oxidative stress, commonly used in jaundice and hepatitis treatments.
  • Anti-inflammatory & Analgesic – Reduces inflammation and pain, making it suitable for arthritic and musculoskeletal conditions.
  • Antioxidant Benefits – Rich in phytochemicals that scavenge free radicals, preventing cell damage.
  • Antimalarial and Antipyretic – Traditionally used in the treatment of malaria, fever, and intermittent fever.

    • Phytochemical Constituents

    Mamejva contains several bioactive compounds that account for its diverse pharmacological effects:

    • Swertiamarin – A secoiridoid glycoside with antidiabetic action
    • Gentiopicroside – Bitter iridoid with liver protective properties
    • Enicoflavine – A unique flavonoid alkaloid
    • Saponins – Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial
    • Triterpenoids – Immunomodulatory
    • Phenolic Compounds – Antioxidant activities
    • Flavonoids – Such as apigenin and luteolin

    References

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Part I, Volume IV, Govt. of India, Ministry of AYUSH.

    Patel, M.B., & Mishra, S.H. (2011). Hypoglycemic activity of alkaloidal fraction of Enicostemma littorale Blume leaves in normal and diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 43(3), 290–294.

    Kar, A., & Choudhary, B.K. (2003). Prevention of thyroxine-induced hyperglycaemia by Enicostemma littorale Blume extract in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 41, 885–888.

    Jain, A., & Soni, M. (2012). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Enicostemma littorale Blume. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 5(1), 531–533.

    Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., & Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.

    Kirtikar, K.R., & Basu, B.D. (1935). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. 2. International Book Distributors.

    European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition, Council of Europe (for comparative phytochemical references).

    Singh, D., & Singh, R. (2010). Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Enicostemma littorale Blume. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 5(3), 68–72.

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